Motivational Interviewing:
Findings from Clinical Trials
Updated: 10 December 2004
Alcohol
Allsop et al., 1997
Addiction, 92:61-74
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Alcohol abuse
Scotland
60 adult outpatients
8 session group MI + skills
Group discussion TAU
6 months
Allsop et al., 1997
189
200
150
107
MI+ RP
TAU
100
50
40
25
27
5
0
% Abstinent
p<.01
Days to First
Drink
Days to Relapse
p<.04
p<.03
Baer et al., 1992
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60:924-979
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
College Students
US (Seattle, WA))
134 young adults
1 session (60 min)
Two groups:
(1) six weekly cognitive behavioral
groups (90 minute ea)
(2) a six-unit self-help cognitive
behavioral manual
post-treatment (6 weeks),
short-term maintenance (3 & 6 months),
long-term maintenance (12 & 24 months)
Baer et al., 1992
Comparative analyses exclude the self-help manual group
because of poor program completion and high drop-out in this
group
Overall reduction on the three dependent variables were
statistically significant at the three follow-up points.
Although CB group subjects reported slightly lower numbers on
all three drinking measures over time, differences between MI
and CB subjects were not statistically significant.
Significant interactive effects were noted for age, with increases
in drinking during the year subjects reached legal drinking
status.
Baer et al., 1992
Self-reported Monthly Volume Alcohol
Consumption
60
50
40
30
MI
CBG
20
10
0
Base line
Post
Short-te rm
Long-te rm
Tre atme nt
M ainte nance
M ainte nance
Baer et al., 1992
Self-monitored Weekly Standard Ethanol Content
16
14
12
10
MI
8
CBG
6
4
2
0
Baseline
Post
Short-term
Long-term
Treatment
Maintenance
Maintenance
Baer et al., 1992
Se lf-monitore d Estimate d Pe ak Blood Alcohol Le v e l
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
MI
0.08
CBG
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
Baseline
Post
Treatment
Short-term
Long-term
Maintenance
Maintenance
Baer et al., 1992
Self-monitored Weekly Standard Ethanol Content
18
16
14
12
Below 19 years
10
19 Years Old
8
20 Years Old
6
20+ Years Old
4
2
0
Baseline
Post
1 Year
Treatment
Time of Assessment P < .002
2 Years
Bien et al., 1993
Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapy, 21:347-356
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Outpatient alcohol (VA)
US (Albuquerque, NM)
32 adults
1 session MET (+ TAU)
TAU
6 months post discharge
Bien et al., 1993
3-Month Drinking Outcomes
250
191
200
150
100
50
96
90.7
MI
TAU
80
56
42
31
4.3
0
Drinks per
Month
Peak BAC
(mg%)
% Days
Abstinent
p<.05
% Abstinent
Bien et al., 1993
6-Month Drinking Outcomes
131.4
140
120
91
100
80
60
40
81
71
50
37.9
20
0
Drinks per Month Peak BAC (mg%) % Days Abstinent
MI
TAU
Borsari & Carey, 2000
Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68:728-733
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Binge drinkers
US (Syracuse, NY)
60 college students
1 session MET
Assessment only
6 weeks
Borsari & Carey, 2000
Percent Reduction
6-Week Drinking Reductions
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
35
20
15
13
0
Drinks per Month
p<.006
MI
Control
Frequency
p<.001
0
Binges per Month
p<.05
Brown & Miller, 1993
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 7:211-218
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Inpatient alcohol
US (Albuquerque, NM)
28 adults
1 session MET (+ TAU)
TAU
3 months post discharge
Brown & Miller, 1993
Standard Drinks / Week
100
80
60
MI
TAU
40
20
0
Baseline
3 Months
p<.001
Brown & Miller, 1993
Status for 3 Months
70
60
64
57
Percent
50
40
30
29
29
20
10
0
Abstinent
Abstinent or Asymptomatic
MI
TAU
Dench & Bennett, 2000
Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapy, 28:121-130
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
6 week day treatment program
United Kingdom
51 alcohol dependent patients
1 session
Attention placebo education
1 and 6 weeks
Dench & Bennett, 2000
Changes in Motivation (SOCRATES)
1.5
1.08
1
0.67 0.55
0.5
0.26
MI
Education
0
ng
ki
Ta
ps
on
e
St
ti
ni
og
-1.5
ec
R
-0.67
ce
en
-1
l
va
bi
m
A
-0.5
-1.34
p<.001
p<.03
p<.01
Handmaker et al., 1999
Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60:285-287
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Prenatal care clinics
US (Albuquerque, NM)
42 pregnant drinkers
1-hour individual session
Risk-alert letter
2 months
Handmaker et al., 1999
2-Month Outcomes in Late Pregnancy
1
0.77
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.46
0.44
0.33
0.4
0.69
0.46
0.2
0.2
0
% Total
Abstinence
Drinking
(ES)
BAC Peak
(ES)
Abstinence
(ES)
All differences ns due to small sample size (N=34)
Largest effects of MI observed with heaviest drinkers
MI
TAU
Heather et al., 1996
Drug & Alcohol Review, 15:29-38
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Block assignment
General hospital inpatients
Australia
174 adult heavy drinkers
1 30-40 minute session
Skills training or TAU
6 months
Heather et al., 1996
Percent Reduction in Drinking
Percent Reduction
50
40
44
42
34
30
18
20
10
0
All Cases
Not-Ready
p<.05
p<.05
MI
Skill Training
TAU
Kuchipudi et al., 1990
Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 65:531-541
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Acute gastrointestinal ward
US (Hines, IL)
114 alcohol-related admissions
5 sessions with 5 practitioners
TAU
16 weeks
Kuchipudi et al., 1990
Percent with Confirmed Abstinence
35
32
29
30
Percent
25
20
MI
TAU
15
10
5
0
Confirmed Abstinence
ns
Kuchipudi et al., 1990
Was it Motivational Interviewing?
Each patient talked to by five different clinicians
Complete staff turnover 3 times in 5 months
“Emphasized the need for and benefits of
alcoholism therapy”
“Two prolonged sessions on available treatment
programs”
“The person’s health and drinking were
reviewed from the viewpoint and with the
authority of the director of the unit”
Marlatt et al., 1998
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66:604-615
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
College students
US (Seattle, WA)
348 heavy drinkers
1 individual session
Assessment only
2 years
Marlatt et al., 1998
MI
Pecent Reduction in Drinking (2 years)
60
53
50
Control
42
40
30
30
20
10
16
15
8
11
0
0
Frequency
Quantity
Peak Drinking
p<.05
p<.001
p<.05
Problems
p<.05
Miller et al., 1988
Behavioural Psychotherapy, 16:251-268
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Self-referred problem drinkers
US (Albuquerque, NM)
42 adults
Assessment + 1 MET session
Confrontational counseling
Waiting list (6 weeks)
18 months
Miller et al., 1988
Percent Reduction
Modest Reduction in Drinking After MET
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Pre
164
6 Weeks
116
18 Months
45
33
104
30
Drinks per Week
Peak BAC
Waiting list was unchanged until receiving MET
Miller et al., 1993
Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 61:455-461
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Self-referred problem drinkers
US (Albuquerque, NM)
42 problem drinkers
Assessment + 1 MET session
Confrontational counseling
Waiting list (6 weeks)
12 months
Miller et al., 1993
6-Week Drinking Outcomes
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
13.7
7.1
8.2
5
5.8
3.4 4
2.3 3.2
Drinks per
Day
MI
Confront
Wait List
Peak BAC
(mg%/10)
Frequency
4.5
5.5 5.7
Drinks per
Drinking Day
p<.02 relative to waiting list control
Miller et al., 1993
Percent Reduction
Percent Reduction in Drinking (Weeks 1-6)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
69
56
41
MI
60
48
Confront
36
23
8
Drinks per
Week
Peak BAC
Frequency
Drinks per
Drinking Day
p<.02 relative to waiting list control
Miller et al., 1993
Maintenance of Drinking Outcomes at 12 Months
23.2
25
20
15
MI
Confront
Wait List
17
12
10
5.6 5.9
7.5
5
4.1 5.3
6.2
2.9 3.2 3.7
0
Drinks per
Week
Peak BAC
(mg%/10)
Frequency
Drinks per
Drinking Day
Miller et al., 1993
Percent Reduction in Drinking at 12 Months
Percent Reduction
100
80
60
40
76
74
66 63
55
MI
Confront
Wait List
46
45
35
35
16
20
6
0
-20
Drinks per
Week
Peak BAC
Frequency
-7
Drinks per
Drinking Day
Monti et al., 1999
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67:989-994
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Emergency room
US (Providence, RI)
94 adolescents (18-19)
1 session (35-40 min)
Standard care
6 months
Monti et al., 1999
Percent
Outcomes Over 6 Months
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
85
62
50
23
21
3
Drinking &
Driving
Moving Violations
p<.05
p<.05
Alcohol-Related
Injury
p<.01
MI
TAU
Murphy et al., 2001
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15:373-379
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
College Students
US (Auburn, AL)
99 drinkers
1 session (50 min)
Alcohol education;
No intervention
9 months
Murphy et al., 2001
Outcomes for Heavy Drinkers Only
Number of Drinking Binges per Week
3
Percent
2.5
2.57
2.44
2.67
2.32
2.45
1.97
2
MI
1.5
Education
1
Control
0.5
0
Pre
3 Months
p<.05
Differences significant for heavy drinkers only
Project MATCH, 1997
Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58:7-29
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Outpatient and aftercare
US (9 sites)
1,726 adults
4 session MET
12 session CBT or TSF
15 months post-treatment
Project MATCH, 1997
Percentage of Clients Abstinent
60
Percent
50
43 45 45
40
30
32
23 21
43
48 47
36
30
MI
CBT
TSF
25
20
10
0
Opt 9 mo
Opt 15 mo
p<.04
p<.003
Aft 9 mo
Aft 15 mo
Project MATCH, 1998
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research,
22:1300-1311
Percent
Percentage of Outpatients Abstinent
Months 37-39
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
36
27
24
MI
CBT
TSF
p<.007
On percent days abstinent, MET = TSF > CBT
Sellman et al., 2001
Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62:389-396
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Mild/moderate dependence
New Zealand
125 alcohol outpatients
MET 4 sessions
Nondirective reflective listening
Control: No further counseling
6 months post-treatment
Sellman et al., 2001
MI
Non-directive
TAU
Percent
Outcomes Over 6 Months
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
78 79
63 65
62
43
12 10
9
Total Abstinence
ns
Any Heavy
Drinking
ns
6+ Heavy Drinking
Episodes
p<.04
Senft et al., 1997
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 13:464-470
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Primary care
US (Portland, OR)
516 adults
1 session, 15 min (+ TAU)
TAU
12 months
Senft et al., 1997
Standard Drinks / 3 Months
250
200
150
MI
TAU
100
50
0
Baseline
6 Months
p<.04
12 Months
ns
Senft et al., 1997
Drinking Days / 3 Months
60
50
40
MI
TAU
30
20
10
0
Baseline
6 Months
p< .02
12 Months
p<.04
Smith et al., 2003
Addiction, 98:43-52
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
clinic out-patients
UK (Cardiff, Wales)
151 young males with alcoholrelated facial injuries
1 manual-guided session (+ TAU)
TAU
3 months and one year
Smith et al., 2003
Mean Total Alcohol Consumption In
Past 3 Months
600
Alcohol (units)
500
400
MI
300
TAU
200
100
0
Baseline
3 Months
12 Months
Smith et al., 2003
Mean Alcohol Consumption in a Typical Week
35
30
Alcohol (units)
25
20
MI
TAU
15
10
5
0
Baseline
3 months
12 months
Smith et al., 2003
Percentages of Subjects Exceeding
Recommended Levels of Alcohol
Consumption
120
100
80
MI
60
TAU
40
20
0
Baseline
12 Month
RCP
Baseline
12 Month
AUDIT
RCP = Royal College of Physicians, Psychiatrists, and General Practitioners Recommended Health Limit
AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
Cardiovascular
Health
Scales, 1998
Doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Randomized clinical trial
Cardiovascular rehab
US (Albuquerque, NM)
61
TAU + MET (1 hr) + skills
based health ed (90 min)
Comparison TAU traditional rehab
Follow-up
12 weeks
Scales, 1998
Significantly greater decrease in MI
group, compared with TAU, in linear
combination of three risk scores
Perceived stress
 Physical activity
 Dietary fat

All three contributed to the significant
difference, but only stress was
significant in a univariate test
Scales, 1998
Perceived Stress
MI + TAU
TAU
20
16.5
15.8
13.7
15
9.5
10
5
0
Pre
12 Weeks
p < .005
Woollard et al., 1995
Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology,
22:466-468
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
General practice
Australia (Perth, WA)
166 patients with hypertension
High: 6 nurse sessions (45 min)
Low: 1 session + 5 phone (15 min)
TAU
18 weeks
Woollard et al., 1995
MMhg
Decreases in Blood Pressure
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
8
6
MI (Hi)
MI (Lo)
TAU
4
2
1
Systolic
Diastolic
p<.05
p<.05
1
Woollard et al., 1995
Percent Reduction from Baseline
Percent Reduction in Consumption
70
60
50
64
46
40
30
MI (Hi)
MI (Lo)
TAU
23
20
10
13
6
3
0
Alcohol (g/week)
p<.05
Sodium (mmol/24h)
p<.05
Diabetes
Smith et al., 1997
Diabetes Care, 20:52-54
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Recruited by newspaper
US (Birmingham, AL)
22 older obese women
3 sessions MI + TAU
TAU (behavior therapy)
Post-treatment
Smith et al., 1997
Program Adherence
MI
TAU
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
46
13 9
15 10
32
Sessions
Days of
Attended
Glucose
35
24
SelfMonitoring
p<.01
p<.003
p<.05
p<.07
Smith et al., 1997
Program Outcomes
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
9.8
MI
TAU
10.8
5.5
Glycemic Control
Weight Loss (kg)
(Higher score is
better; % GHb)
p<.05
4.5
ns
Drug Abuse
Aubrey, 1998
Doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Adolescent drug abuse treatment
US (Albuquerque, NM)
77 adolescents entering treatment
1 individual session + TAU
TAU
3 months
Aubrey, 1998
% Days Abstinent, All Drugs
80
70
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
43
MI
No MI
% Days Abstinent, All Drugs
Aubrey, 1998
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
85
66
43
43
MI
No MI
Abuse
Dependence
Aubrey, 1998
% Days Illicit Drug Use
120
100
80
MI
60
No MI
40
20
0
Intake
3 Months
Aubrey, 1998
65
% Days Illicit Drug Use
3 Months
70
60
48
50
40
29
30
20
15
10
0
Abuse
Dependence
MI
No MI
Treatment Sessions Attended
Aubrey, 1998
25
20.4
20
15
10
5
Abuse
8
5.2
3.6
0
MI
No MI
Dependence
Baker et al., 2001
Addiction, 96:1279-1287
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Regular amphetamine users
Australia
64 adults
2 individual sessions + book
4 session MI + skill training
Self-help book
6 months
Baker et al., 2001
Changes in Amphetamine Use
0.93
1
Proportion
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
MI (Combined)
0.58
Book only
0.4
0.21
0
Abstinent
p<.01
Reduction (ES)
p<.05
Baker et al., 2002
Addiction, 97:1329-1337
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105:xx
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Inpatient psychiatric hospital
Australia
160 adults with concomitant
disorders
30-45 minute individual session
Self-help book and brief advice
12 months
Baker et al., 2002
Polydrug Use: Number of Drug Classes Used
Proportion
4
3.29 3.37
3
2.95
2.36
MI
Brief Advice
2
1
0
Pre
3 Months
p<.04
Baker et al., 2002
Percent Meeting Alcohol Use Disorder Criteria
(SCID)
120
Proportion
100
100100
80
50
60
40
39
17
20
MI
Brief Advice
29
0
Pre
6 Months
p<.02
12 Months
ns
Lincourt et al., in press
Addictive Behavior
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Quasi-experiment (attendance)
Mandated outpatient treatment
US (New York)
167 adults (substance abuse)
6 session group + TAU
TAU
End of treatment
Lincourt et al., in press
Percent
Status for 3 Months
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
83
76
56
MI
TAU
32
Completed Treatment
Sessions Attended
p<.001
p<.005
Longshore et al., 1999
Substance Use & Misuse, 34:1223-1241
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Quasi-experiment (attendance)
Mandated outpatient treatment
US (Los Angeles, CA)
222 African-American drug users
1 session
Needs assessment
End of treatment
Longshore et al., 1999
MI group rated (non-blind) significantly higher:
Treatment involvement (self-report; p<.04)
Motivation for change (self-report; p<.05)
Treatment participation (clinician rating;
p<.0001)
Self-disclosure (clinician rating; p<.0001)
Preparation for change (clinician rating;
p<.0003)
Marijuana Treatment Project
Research Group (2004)
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72:455-466
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Control
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Inpatient or outpatient treatment
US (3 sites)
450 adult marijuana smokers
2 session MET
9-session MET + behavior therapy
4-month waiting list control
15 months
Marijuana Treatment Project
Research Group (2004)
Percentage Abstinent from Marijuana
% Participants
25
22.7
22.6
20
15.6
15
10
5
12.5
9.5
8.6
3.6
0
4 months
p<.001
9 months
ns
15 months
p<.001
MET
MET+CBT
Control
Marijuana Treatment Project
Research Group (2004)
Marijuana Joints per Week
20.3
15.3
MET+CBT
10.3
MET
Control
5.3
0.3
Baseline
4 Months
p<.001
9 Months
Miller, Yahne & Tonigan (2003)
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71:754-763
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Inpatient or outpatient treatment
US (Albuquerque, NM)
208 drug dependent adults
1 session + TAU
TAU only
12 months
Miller et al. (2003)
Percent Days Abstinent from Alcohol/Drugs
0.8
0.7
0.6
TAU
0.5
MI +TAU
0.4
s
th
s
M
12
9
M
on
on
th
s
th
on
6
M
on
M
3
In
ta
th
ke
s
0.3
No significant additive effect of MI
Saunders et al., 1995
Addiction, 90:415-424
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Methadone maintenance clinic
Australia (Perth, WA)
122 adults
1 session (1 hour)
Educational control
6 months
Saunders et al., 1995
Retention in Methadone Maintenance and Study
30
22.3
Weeks
21.6
20
18.1
17.8
MI
TAU
10
0
Methadone Maintenance
p<.03
Study
p<.01
Saunders et al., 1995
MI vs. Educational Control Group
The MI group showed greater:
Immediate (1 week) advance to
contemplation stage (p<.03)
Positive view of abstinence at 3
months(p<.05)
Reduction in drug-related problems at 6
months (p<.04)
Time to relapse to heroin use (p<.05)
Schneider et al., 2000
Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research,
27:60-74
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Quasi-experimental
Employee assistance programs
US (Boston, MA)
89 clients with substance abuse
2 session MET
2 session confrontation/feedback
3 and 9 months
Schneider et al., 2000
MI
ASI Severity Scores
Confront
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.38
0.35
0.3
0.2
0.14
0.08
0.1
0
Pre
9 Months
ns
Schneider et al., 2000
Standard Drinks per 30 Days
MI
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
34.6
Confront
34.2
23.8
Pre
23.4
9 Months
ns
Stein et al., 2002
Addiction, 97:691-700
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Needle exchange program
recipients
US (Providence, RI)
187 active injection drug users
2 sessions (60 min each)
- one month apart
Assessment only
1 and 6 months
Stein et al., 2002
MI subjects (based on observed percentage differences and
odds ratios) were more likely than controls to be abstinent at 6
months.
MI subjects reported lower mean heroin use frequency than
controls at 6 months.
MI subjects’ 37.5% reduction in drinking days is larger than that
of most brief alcohol intervention trials.
MI subjects with above median (>9) baseline drinking day
frequency were over two times more likely than controls to
report reductions of 7 or more days (p<.05) at 6 months.
Stein et al., 2002
Mean Reduction in Drinking Days at 1 and 6
Months
0
-2
-4
MI
Control
-6
-8
-10
P<.01
P<.01
6 Months
P<.01
1 Month
P<.01
P<.01
P<.01
6 Months
P<.05
1 Month
n. s.
-12
n = 187
n = 92
Full Sample
>9 Baseline Drinking Days
Stephens et al., 2000
Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68:898-908
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Recruited by newspaper
US (Seattle, WA)
291 marijuana users
2 sessions MET (90 min)
14 sessions group behavior
therapy (2 hours)
Waiting list (4 months)
16 months
Stephens et al., 2000
MI
Behavior Therapy
Waiting List
Days Use per Month
30
25
25 24 25
20
17
15
12 12
7 8
10
12 13
9 9
5
0
Pre
4 months
p<.001
7months
13 months 18 months
Stephens et al., 2000
MI
1-Month Outcomes
Behavior Therapy
3
2.5
2.5
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
2
2
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
1.6
1.5
1
0.9
0.5
0
Times Used per Day
p<.02
Days Use per Week
p<.01
Stephens et al., 2000
Other 4-Month Outcomes
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
4.6
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
2
MI
Behavior Therapy
Waiting List
4.2
3.5 3.3
2 1.9
1.2 1.2
Times Used per
Day
Dependence
Symptoms
Problems
p<.001
p<.001
p<.001
Stephens et al., 2000
MI
Behavior Therapy
Wait List
Percent
Abstinence Rates
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
42
37 37
36
32
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
27
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
28 26
28 29
17
1 Month
p<.04
4 Months
p<.001
7 Months 13 Months 18 Months
Stotts et al., 2001
Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 69:858-862
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Outpatient cocaine detoxification
US (Houston, TX)
105 cocaine dependent
2 sessions MET (1 hour)
Detoxification only
12 weeks post-detox
Stotts et al., 2001
MI
Percent Cocaine-Positive Urine Screens
38
40
Percent
30
36
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
20
18
12
10
0
First Screen
All Screens
p<.03
p<.05
Detox only
Stotts et al., 2001
Percent
80
60
40
Percent Completing Detoxification
(5 Consecutive Cocaine-Free Urine Samples)
72
59
34
41
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
20
0
Low Initial
High Initial
Motivation
Motivation
p<.05
p<.03
MI
Detox only
Dual Diagnosis
Barrowclough et al, 2001
American Journal of Psychiatry, 158:1706-1713
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized trial
Schizophrenia or schizoaffective
+ substance use disorder
US
36 adults (marijuana)
5 sessions + 24 CBT sessions
24 CBT sessions
1 year
% Abstinent at 12 Months
Barrowclough et al., 1998
80
70
67
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
33
MI
No MI
Daley et al, 1998
American Journal of Psychiatry, 155:1611-1613
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Consecutive assignment
Discharge from treatment
US (Pittsburgh, PA)
23 adults (cocaine+depression)
5 individual + 4 group sessions
TAU
1 year
Daley et al., 1998
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
13
11
7.2
5
2.7
Aftercare Sessions
Attended
p<.001
2
Hospital
Readmissions
p<.03
Completed
Treatment
p<.01
MI
TAU
Daley & Zuckoff, 1998
Social Work, 43:470-473
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Consecutive cohorts
Dual diagnosis inpatients
US (Pittsburgh, PA)
“Nearly 100”
1 pre-discharge session
TAU (no MI)
Proximal
Daley & Zuckoff, 1998
Percent Attending First Aftercare Session
100
100
80
67
53
60
40
35
20
0
Cohort 1
Cohort 2
MI
TAU
Martino et al., 2000
American Journal on Addictions, 9:88-91
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Partial hospital program
US (New Haven, CT)
23 dual diagnosis patients
1 session (45-60 min)
TAU
End of treatment (12 wk)
Martino et al., 2000
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
31
MI
22
18
0
Times Tardy
p<.05
17
0
Early Departure
p<.05
Days Attended
p<.05
TAU
Eating Disorders
Treasure et al., 1999
Behaviour Research & Therapy, 37:405-418
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Bulimia
UK (London, Maudsley)
125 outpatients
4 session MET
4 session behavior therapy
4 weeks
Treasure et al., 1999
No significant differences between MI and
behavior therapy at 4 weeks on:
Drop-out rate
Binge eating
Vomiting
Laxative abuse
Gambling
Hodgins et al., 2001
Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 69:50-57
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Problem gambling
Canada (Calgary, Alberta)
102 adults
1 phone session (20-45 min)
Mailed self-help book
Waiting list control
12 months
Hodgins et al., 2001
MI
Book
Wait List
Percent Reduction in Gambling
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
72
58
61
51
35
49 45
56
36
29
32
%
p<.05
ed
ov
pr
m
ni
U
p<.03
26
t
en
in
st
Ab
p<.04
21 18
%
ss
Lo
ly
ai
D
st
Lo
rs
la
ol
D
ed
bl
am
sG
ay
D
p<.03
39
Health
Promotion
Resnicow et al, 2001
American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1686-1693.
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Main Outcome
Follow-up
Randomized Clinical Trial
Adults recruited through Black Churches
US (Atlanta, GA)
861 adults
3 telephone contacts by trained dietitians
1) Health Education only, 2) Self-help
materials plus one non-MI phone call
Self-reported fruit & vegetable intake (F &V)
1 year
Resnicow et al, 2001
Daily Fruit & Vegetable Intake
6
5.17
5
4
Health Education
Self-Help
MI
3.64
3.97
3.78
3.91
4.38
3
2
1
0
Baseline
12 Months
* MI Group different p<.01 than Groups 1 & 2
*
Thevos et al, 2000
Health Promotion International, 15:207-214
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Comparison zones
Households
Zambia, Africa
332 households
Health visitor consults
Health education
6 months
Thevos et al., 2000
Bleach Sales: Bottles/Household/Month
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
MI
Educ
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Months 1-2
Months 3-4
Months 5-6
p<.001
HIV Risk
Carey et al., 1997
Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 65:531-541
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Women at risk for HIV
US (Syracuse, NY)
102 women from community
4 group MET sessions
Attention placebo group
3 months
Carey et al., 1997
MI vs. Educational Control Group
The MI group showed greater:
HIV knowledge (p<.0001)
Perception of HIV risk (p<.001)
Intention to protect (p<.003)
Communication with partner (p<.05)
And significantly lower rates of:
Unprotected intercourse (p<.01)
Substance abuse before sex (p<.001)
Carey et al., 2000
Health Psychology, 19:3-11
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Women at risk for HIV
US (Syracuse, NY)
102 women from community
4 group MET sessions
Attention placebo group
3 and 12 weeks
Carey et al., 2000
MI vs. Educational Control Group
The MI group showed greater:
HIV knowledge (p<.003)
Intention to protect (p<.001)
And significantly lower rates of:
Unprotected intercourse (p<.001)
among women with imperfect intentions
Mental Health
Kemp et al., 1998
British Journal of Psychiatry, 172:413-419
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Acute psychiatric unit
UK (London, Maudsley Hospital)
74 patients with psychosis
4-6 session Compliance Therapy
4-6 session supportive therapy
18 months
Kemp et al., 1998
Clinician (Non-blind) Ratings of Improvement
MI group rates significantly higher on
Insight
Global functioning
Attitudes toward drug use
Compliance
Kemp et al., 1998
MI group showed lower rates of:
Treatment drop-out
28% vs. 43% (ns)
Readmission
Relative risk of controls = 2.2
Swanson et al., 1999
Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 187:630-635
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Psychiatric inpatients
US (New York)
121 inpatients
2 sessions (15, 60 min) + TAU
TAU
Transition to aftercare
Swanson et al., 1999
70
MI
Percent Keeping First Aftercare
Appointment
63
Behavior Therapy
60
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
Percent
50
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
42
42
40
30
16
20
10
0
Psychiatric Patients
Dual Diagnosis Patients
p<.01
Smoking
Colby et al., 1998
Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 66:574-578
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
Hospital emergency room
US (Providence, RI)
40 adolescent smokers
1 MET session with 4 videos
Brief advice
3 months
Colby et al., 1998
Percentage of Cases at 3 Months
100
80
72
60
60
MI
TAU
40
20
20
10
0
Serious Quit Attempt
Abstinent
ns; ES = .28
Stotts et al., 2002
Addictive Behaviors, 27:275-292
Design
Population
Nation
N
MI
Comparison
Follow-up
Randomized clinical trial
21 prenatal care clinics
USA (Houston and Dallas, TX)
269 resistant pregnant smokers
2 MI phone calls (20-30 min)
TAU
to 6 months post-partum
Stotts et al., 2002
Abstinent (Cotinine Confirmed)
40
32
34
Percent
30
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
20
10
0
Total Sample
ns
MI
TAU
Stotts et al., 2002
Abstinent (Cotinine Confirmed)
Among Those Who Received MI
50
43
34
40
Percent
MI
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
Problems 13 months
9
12
9
12
27
30
15
20
10
0
During Pregnancy
P < .05
Post-Partum
P < .01
TAU