Power in People’s Republic of China
(PRC)
China used to be a monarchy with an
emperor and a supporting bureaucracy.
 Throughout the dynasties preceding the
PRC, the emperors claimed divine
mandate to legitimize their power.
 China was the first country to implement
a large bureaucracy and a merit system.

Power in PRC cont.
China is split into 34 province level
divisions.
 There are 22/3 provinces, depending on
whether Taiwan is included, 5
autonomous regions, 4 municipalities,
and 2 special administrative regions
(SAR).

Power in PRC cont.
The provinces are given semi-federal
and some economic and financial
autonomy.
 The development of the provinces are
also vastly unequal. The richest
provinces are located on the coast,
while the central and western provinces
are poor.
 Municipalities are essentially a city level
province under the direct control of the
central government.

Power in PRC cont.
The autonomous regions are areas that
have a larger percentage of a minority
group than Han Chinese.
 These regions are theoretically
autonomous but in reality they are under
strict control by the central government.
 SARs are regions are provincial level
authorities that have their own
government and have a high degree of
autonomy.

Power in PRC cont.
Chief power is held by the Chinese
Communist Party (CCP).
 All decisions and actions have to be
approved by the CCP.
 Government officials are handpicked by
the CCP leadership and then rubber
stamped by the People’s Congress.

Political Culture in PRC
One of the most pervasive parts of
political culture in China is
Confucianism.
 Confucianism is an ingrained part of
Chinese society that directs everyday
life, including government.
 Chinese society also has a collective
psychology that is based on benefiting
the collective group rather than the
individual.

Political Culture in PRC cont.
This collective psychology creates a
legacy of benign authoritarianism,
bureaucratic rationality, and respect for
learning and the established order.
 After the fall of the dynasties, there
began a rapid change in which modern
ideas clashed with traditional values,
causing the Cultural Revolution and the
Tianmen Square incident.

Political Culture in PRC cont.
The clash of values began a shift toward
more democratic ideas instead of the
authoritarian of the Maoist and Dynastic
periods.
 The rise of an entrepreneurial class further
causes conflict by generating a force for
political change.
 The political change threatens the current
regime and will contribute to the
democratization movement.

Supranational Org. and PRC
The PRC is part of organizations such
as the IMF and UN.
 In terms of international power, China is
more of an economic power house than
a real international force. However,
China is building up on military power
and increasing its influence in the Indian
Ocean region.

PRC Regime
The PRC is a communist regime with a
semi-democratic government.
 PRC is still very strong-handed and will
use force to eliminate threats to their
power.
 Any dissenters are at the risk of being
arrested or assassinated by the PRC.

PRC Economic System
Communism is still the main system of
governance for the PRC.
 The PRC still maintains control of the
economy but has opened up to a
capitalist free trade system.

CCP
Controls all aspects of the Government
 Has a hand in controlling the Military,
Legislature, Executive, and Judicial.
 Penetrated into village level through
party committees.
 In cities, CCP has key roles in
neighborhood committees.

CONTINUED
Every level of government or
administrative hierarchy has party
committee which can monitor the
government at that level.
 Party committees have the power to
dominate local decisions and can even
intervene in economic matters.

Structure of the Political System



Administrative hierarchy of government,
legislatures, courts and the CCP.
The Administrative hierarchy runs from Central
government in Beijing, to provinces,
municipalities (district), county, township,
administrative village, natural villages.
In present conditions, the CCP dominates all
levels of government except the economy.
Cont.


Power within the Government is also based
upon “guanxi” – the political relationships
An example of this power is shown by the
actions of Deng Xiaoping. He mobilized the
entire country in 1992 to speed up the reform
process, even though his formal political post
was President of Chinese Bridge Association.
National Party Congress
CPPCC
NPC Standing
Committee
Provincial-level
People’s Congresses
County-level
People’s Congresses
Township People’s
Congresses
Representative Village
Committee
Legislative
Prime Minister
Central Committee
Politburo
National People’s
Congress
President &
Vice President
Central Discipline
Inspection
Commission
Secretariat
Organization Dept
Rural Work Dept
Propaganda Dept
Provincial-level Party
Committees
Standing
Committee of
the Politburo
Supreme
People’s
Court
Supreme
People’s
Procurator
Military Affairs
Commission
Ministries and
Commissions
Provincial-level
Government
Prefecture
Governments
County-level Party
Committees
County-level
Governments
Township Party
Committees
Township
Governments
Party
State
Councilors
State
Council
Municipal Party
Committees
Village Party
Committees
Vice Premier
Provincial-level
Bureaus
Prefecture
Bureaus
Intermediate
& Lower
Court &
Procurators
County-level
Bureaus
Village
Committee
Executive
Judicial
Party
Dominance
National Party Congress
Central Committee
Politburo
Central Discipline
Inspection
Commission
Secretariat
Organization Dept
Rural Work Dept
Propaganda Dept
Provincial-level Party
Committees
Municipal Party
Committees
Country-level Party
Committees
Township Party
Committees
Village Party
Committees
Standing
Committee of
the Politburo
Military Affairs
Commission
The Standing Committee of the Politburo



Its members are the most powerful people in China
The 9 members control all aspects of the political system.
The members control one of the six key political systems
1. party affairs—relations with other CCPs and party life.
2. organizational affairs—allocates all party positions
3. propaganda and education-education, news, colleges
4. political and legal affairs—responsible for courts, police,
“strike hard campaign”
5. finance and economics—led by Prime Minister
6. Military—CCP tries to maintain civilian control of army
The Central Committee



Major players in the political system are full or
alternate members of the Central Committee.
The members meet in Plenary Session about
twice a year to approve important policy
decisions, can totally redirect previous policy
and take China in new direction.
For example, in December 1978, Deng
overturned the strategies outlined by Hua
Guofeng in July 1977, to start the reform
movement.
Party Secretariat and its Departments




Organizational Department— responsible for
all party posts, key government posts, and is
in a key position to affect succession.
Propaganda Department—monitors press, tv,
organizes ideological study campaigns.
Rural Work Department—makes rural policy.
People’s Daily— top CCP newspaper and
editorial board making public policy
President &
Vice President
Prime Minister
Vice Premier
State
Council
Organization of
the Executive
Ministries and
Commissions
Provincial-level
Bureaus
Prefecture
Governments
Country-level
Governments
Township
Governments
Village
Committee
Provincial-level
Bureaus
Prefecture
Bureaus
Country-level
Bureaus
State Councilors
Executive





High degree of overlapping directorship.
Prime Minister is often 3rd ranking member of
the Standing Committee of the Politburo.
Some Vice-Premiers are members of the
standing committee.
Prime Minister needs the support of General
Secretary of CCP to start policies.
Without the support of CCP, the executive is
powerless.
Legislature
CPPCC
National People’s
Congress
NPC Standing
Committee
Provincial-level
People’s Congresses
Country-level People’s
Congresses
Township People’s
Congresses
Representative Village
Committee
Legislative
National People’s Congress





Holds meeting every 5 years to elect government leaders
(President, Prime Minister, Vice Premiers, all have to be
approved by Standing Committee).
Yearly meetings to address key issues regarding legal
affairs, financial affairs, etc.
The meetings do not matter much because the actual
initiatives originate from CCP. Also every decision they
make must be approved by CCP committees.
During meetings, top leaders visit provincial delegations to
discuss regional problems.
The committees, with the help of professionals may input
popular ideas into laws and economy.
Military Affairs Commission





“Political power grows out of the barrel of a
gun” - Mao
Directly under the guidance of Standing
Committee of Politburo.
General Secretary of CCP is also the Chair of
MAC.
Vice-Chair can be a civilian, but all other
positions are held by military officials.
Jiang Zemin held this post 1 year after giving
up head of CCP, hoping it would provide
leverage over Hu Jintao.
How the CCP controls the Military
“The party must always control the gun,
the gun must never control the party” –
Mao
 Military Affairs Committee.
 State Council and Ministry of Finance
use budgetary allocations to influence
the military.
 Every military unit has CCP official who
maintain party authority.

Military Cont.




Military can speak out on issues regarding
Taiwan and Sino-US relations.
After Mao called in military to restore order in
the Cultural Revolution, army had influence for
years.
The Military failures in Vietnam led to budget
cuts, until 1989, when it saved the CCP by
attacking the students at Tiananmen Square
on Deng’s commands.
12-14% annual increase in spending; official
defense budget--US$30 billion, foreign
estimates--US$90 billion.
Center
Province and Provincial Level Cities
(Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Tianjin)
Rural
County
Municipality
Urban
Township
Urban Distinct
Administrative
Village
Residence
Committee
Natural Village
Party Penetration of Government




Every government office, university
department, or enterprise, has a party branch
and party secretary.
Every province has a governor and a party
secretary. The party secretary holds more
influence and power.
In state-owned factories, the party secretary
holds more power than the factory manager.
The party secretary will try to intervene in
economic decisions.
Territorial Party Committees



Party committee dominates at each level of
administrative hierarchy.
They often interfere in government decisions.
Members responsible for education, industry,
agriculture, population control, propaganda,
and selection of key government officials at
next level down through Organizational
Department.
Central Committee
Secretariat
Organizational Department
Lists of Post:
Nomenklatura System and
the Power of
Appointment
Chinese Academy of Science
LIST:
•President
Ministry of Education
Beijing University
•Vice President
LIST:
•Members of Party
Core Group
•Minister
LIST:
•Party
Secretary
•Party Secretary
•Head of Discipline
Inspection Group
•Members
of Party
Core Group
•President of University
 Personnel appointments are the key to its party
control and the source of its power over Government.
The Judiciary




Personal Power dominates over power of the
law. “Rule of Man” overpowers “Rule of Law”
Officials adhere to this policy because it gives
them more authority.
All lower levels judges appointed and paid by
county party committee.
Outsiders rarely win in another city—
Chongqing firm won’t sue Shanghai for IPR
infringement because it cannot win in
Shanghai.
Judiciary Cont.





Many Older Judges are ex-military officers with no judicial
training.
Crimes deemed sensitive or impacting social order can be
judged purely on political terms.
Forced confessions acceptable, defendants have great
difficulty proving police made false arrest.
However, there is a growing number of new generation of
Judges, some of whom have foreign education
Party Authority remains dominant. Case of young judge
ruling for Central government against local People’s
Congress led to political attack on her
A Brief, Brief Timeline
Socialist Phase (1949-1958)
 Revolutionary Phase (1958-1976)
 Reform (1978- )

 80’s Economic Growth, more open
 90’s Income gap, rural/labor protests
 2000’s Populism, more emphasis on social
equity
The State- Stuff (Overview)







No longer controls private and economic
life
Institutional and departmental divisions
Center v. Provincial/ Local
Growing civil society
Growing local state
Economic reforms- social and political
consequences
Party legitimacy dependent not on ideology
but economic growth, stability, and
nationalism
Cleavages
Most Chinese people (about 75%) live in
the rural parts with policy changes often
directed towards them.
 There is a huge income gap and large
disparity b/t rural and urban. Many
young people from rural setting s
migrate to urban areas, finding unskilled,
low-paying labor, often abandoning
education and creating education
decline in some more rural areas

Cleavages
Again, large disparity in education and
income between rural and urban areas.
The two have had a very experiences with
new ideas and technology
 Many rural people are able to move to the
city in search for work, due to lessened
residential restrictions, but many end up in
dire poverty (these people make up most of
the “floating population” that is, around
100million people who have no ties to any
institution, therefore prove to be a problem
for the state)

Cleavages
Generational cleavages! The oldest, being in their 60s or
above, are the power elite, then the next generation under
is composed mostly of those who lost educational and
career opportunities in the Cultural Revolution. The
children of that generation, are likely to become the next
power elite, and the children of that generation, are
becoming less attached to the CCP and politics in
general, and are becoming the new middle and upper
class.
 Therefore, politics will grow to be less influential as the
youngest generations take control
 Chinese is not a “language” (ex. Mandarin/Cantonese).
Many cannot understand other regional dialects or
accents and some people are even illiterate though
everyone reads the same language

Civil Society
Though the internet and emails are
monitored by the CCP, lots of new ideas
that the CCP does not approve of, inundate
the state and its people all the time,
sometimes leading to convictions and jail
time, for discussing politics online
 Politics is taught in school, in almost every
lesson
 Teachers and students are still monitored
by the CCP

Civil Society
Xiaozu- used to be a required form of
participation, where the CCP sent out
members to educate the peasants, who
were often illiterate, about the party, and
would teach them parables from Chairman
Mao’s little red book.
 During the Cultural Revolution, xiaozu
became “self-criticism” where each
member would have to admit his
shortcomings and say that they would
improve. Everyone was required to
participate

Civil Society
There used to be many national
movements like the Great Leap Forward
and the Cultural Revolution, and people
would have to help forward these mass
campaigns, but now compliance to the
government and its policies is all that’s
required
 One could ask for some clarification on
meaning of any of the parables, but
questioning the wisdom of Mao, was strictly
forbidden

Media

The state controls the media
 Every means of communication and form of organized social
interaction in China is ultimately under the formal supervision of
the Central Propaganda Department and its subsidiaries
 The state shapes citizens political views and mobilizes political
forces
 Communist Party’s Central Propaganda Division can direct
power over media and cultural organizations and has indirect
control through various government agencies.
 Content is regulated ex. Content that jeopardizes national unity
and harmful to state
○ Zhang Yihe’s books were banned because he excavated historic
relics that criticized problems in China
○ Li Datong was removed as editor-in-chief for discussing
controversial topics in newspaper
 Looser controls than before
○ Leaders concerned about western pop culture
Media

Propaganda
 Under the Communist Party Central




Committee’s Propaganda Department (thought
to be the most conservative organ of the CCP)
The CCP has relied on mass campaigns
To keep communists in power
To instill ideology although it has shifted to
economic changes to stability
“Spiritual civilization” euphemism for
propaganda on things like public education and
ethnics and polite behavior
Political Culture/Participation/ Citizenship
and Social Representation

Trends
 Very hard to document political culture
○ Chinese people didn’t like polls
○ Did not touch on issues of culture and change
 Mao
○ Wanted to change Chinese society- didn’t
○ Early CCP Policies
 Collectivism- loyalty to institutions like party
& state
 Struggle and activism- Harmony and
Acceptance to status quo
 Egalitarianism and populism
Political Culture/Participation/
Citizenship and Social
Representation
○ “New socialist man” campaigns failed- cynical,
self-interested participation
 Democracy Movements
○ That democracy could and should be built
within existing socialist order
○ Students argued to elites to be more open to
criticism
 Current trends
○ CCP has scaled back efforts to reshape public
opinion
○ Looser controls, pop culture  individualism
Political Culture/Participation/
Citizenship and Social
Representation

Top down model of participation
 Opposite to the industrialized democracies
 Authorities include democracies
 Authorities include democracies and mass line
in rhetoric
 Citizens are more involved in political life that
western counterparts
○ However, they play little part in shaping public
policy
○ “mobilized participation”- CCP determines
what people should do and then turns them
out to meet the regime goals
○ Citizens carry out already approved policies
Political Culture/Participation/
Citizenship and Social
 Bottom up?
Representation
 Rural elections- Though candidates are
nominated by the CCP, people get to vote
○ In polls, many seem to engage in voluntary
political activity
○ Polls show that respondents compared quite
favorable w/ respect to western democracies
○ CCP member may get involved more
 Economic liberalization- more influence
economically
 Protest, critiques, etc. are put down (ex.
Tiananmen Square), discourage- China is
Perestroika without Glasnost
Political Culture/Participation/
Citizenship and Social
Representation
Representation

 Citizens are not represented geographically but
functionally
○ Universities, schools, factories, hotels, temples, etc.
form separate electoral districts
○ Candidates are selected by criteria like female, male,
entrepreneur, lawyer, etc.
○ CCP believes best policies come from extensive
consultation of all social groups
 People’s congresses do actually debate (not a rubber
stamp)- though only one bill has only ever been rejected,
it is because it can take years of debate and deliberation
 However, only the state decides whether certain interests
are represented and representation for new groups like
migrants are slow to form while class enemies are
excluded and groups like peasants are unable to
Political Culture/Participation/
Citizenship and Social
Representation
Communist Party 6-10% of the adult population belong to the CCP
pretty high
 Most their work is already predetermined
 Cadres, full time party members, decide most policies
 Many join b/c it is the only way to get ahead
 More recently, however, the CCP is looking at university grads
and technicians than adherents to ideology
○ Businesses are employing more talented people though
○ So now capitalists can join
 Complaints- “Capitalists in the Communist Party? You’ve
got to be kidding”
 Political Movements
 Strikes by factory workers and peasants + demonstrations by
Tibetans, Uygers, and other ethnic minorities
○ Long-term
○ Party rarely hesitated to put down movements with force
Problems with the political
system





One-Party, interference w/ state
administration
No free and open elections, only limited
elections to lower level people’s
congresses
Right to political participation and freedom
circumscribed
No transparency and accountabilitycorruption, weak legitimacy
Problems w/ enforcing laws and
regulations @ the local level
Social Movements

Now :
 Collective Responsibility: everyone must look
after his or herself
 Deference to Moral Leaders: about ¾ Chinese
citizens believe that they ought to follow the
decisions of their leaders
 Struggle and Harmony: hard work pays off in
personal gain, and national improvement

Cultural Revolution –nationwide chaos and
economic disarray due to Mao’s ideas that
liberal bourgeois elements were taking
over
Social Movements
Chinese people got the tiefanwan which
means the “iron rice bowl”, implying that
and workers in a work unit (danwei)
(hospital, farm, mine etc) were to be
guaranteed a lifetime job that their children
could often inherit, with benefits and a low
pay, that was still better than market pay.
 Today, the danwei is mostly gone and
bankrupt, and people have given it up to
find their own jobs

Social Movements
With this they could get permission to have
children, where social workers kept track of
women’s menstrual cycles, decided who
could and couldn’t have a child, and the
success or failure of conception
 Giant group-Falun Gong, stages protests
and organizes quiet but dramatic events to
show that they still can resist, even though
they are often jailed and lose their jobs etc.
the government is powerless against such
a mass of people

Guan Xi

At its most basic, guanxi describes a personal
connection between two people in which one is able
to prevail upon another to perform a favor or service,
or be prevailed upon. The two people need not to be
of equal social status. Guanxi can also be used to
describe a network of contacts, which an individual
can call upon when something needs to be done,
and through which he or she can exert influence on
behalf of another. In addition, guanxi can describe a
state of general understanding between two people:
"he/she is aware of my wants/needs and will take
them into account when deciding her/his course of
future actions which concern or could concern me
without any specific discussion or request".
Guan Xi



The term is not generally used to describe
relationships within a family, although guanxi
obligations can sometimes be described in terms of
an extended family. The term is also not generally
used to describe relationships that fall within other
well-defined societal norms (e.g. boss-worker,
teacher-student, friendship). The relationships
formed by guanxi are personal and not transferable.
When a guanxi network violates bureaucratic norms,
it can lead to corruption, and guanxi can also form
the basis of patron-client relations.
Ex. My mom told me that in China you can bribe the
cops, when like the police tickets you, you simply
treat someone you know who knows the police and
they take care of it for you
2008 Milk Scandal
Bad milk- 300,000 victims
 Growing resentment that leaders are
unconcerned w/ ordinary civilian lives

 Asks whether the governments intends to do
more than just apologize
 Offered medical care is not offered to those
falling ill before the 12th

Censorship
 Reports and coverage toned town
Brick Kiln Scandal

Official Negligence and lack of involvement
 Brick Kiln Scandal- thousands were enslaved in
illegal brickyards, tortured, and forced to work in
stark conditions

State response
 Arrests were made, media and officials were vocal
 However, critiques were later restricted

Conclusion
 Problems w/ economic development & w/ weak and
vulnerable groups
 Media is limited
 Accountability issues + transparency
Civil Wars

Three Periods
 Dynasty Period
 Republic of China
 Peoples Republic of China
The Dynasties

Dynasty Trends
 Started Out Strong
 Father-Son or Older to Younger Brother
 Slowly Decayed in Power
 Civil War Period
 New Dynasty
The Dynasties

Major Dynasties
 Shang Dynasty
 Han Dynasty
 The Three Kingdoms
 The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
 Ming Dynasty
 Qing Dynasty
The Republic of China
Established In 1912
 First Democracy of China
 Corruption In Its Early Years
 Has the 20th Highest GDP In The World
Today

Empire of China
1915-1916
 Last Attempt of Chinese Monarchy
 Yuan Shikai

 President of ROC
 Emperor of EOC

Ultimately Failed
The Chinese Civil War
Fought Between The KMT And The CPC
 Established The Peoples Republic of
China
 Republic of China Is Now Taiwan

Democratization

First Democracy Was Established In
1912
 Failed

1949, Chinese Communist Party
Promised To Establish Another
Democracy
 Soviet Union’s Influence Was Too Great
 Democracy Already Failed
 China Became a Communist Country
Democratization

Deng Xiaoping
 Predecessor of Mao Zedong
 Recognized Democratic Values
 Disbanded Collective Farms
 Allowed Some Free Enterprise

Successors Follow "Deng Xiaoping
Thought” Policy
Democratization

Tiananmen Square
 Students Were Morning Hu Yaobang
 Demanded Freedom And Empowerment
 Crushed By Military Force
 Gave Rise To A New Prodemocracy
Movement
 Increased Foreign Pressure
Economic Change
Past 70 Years, Switched From A
Primarily Agrarian Economy To One Of
Industry And Technology
 Past 30 Years, Has Changed From A
Centrally Planned System To A More
Market-Oriented Economy

 Reforms Began In The 1970’s
Economic Change

China Has Increased Tremendously In
Economic Growth
 3rd Highest GDP In The World

Joined WTO In 2001
 More Trade

Capitalism Has An Increasing Role
Economic Change
4% Unemployment Rate
 8% Below Poverty Line
 Economy Is Growing By 8% A Year

 Expected To Surpass American Economy In
2020
Corruption Is Still Common
 Capitalistic Views Are Continuing To
Increase

Economic Change
Phasing Out Of Collectivized Agriculture
 Foundation Of A Diversified Banking
System
 Stock Market
 Private Sector

Definition of Public Policy
Can be defined as the actions a
government takes in response to the
issues a country faces
 Domestic issues- employment rate,
censorship, healthcare, poverty
 Global issues- pollution, terrorism, tariffs
and international trade, defense and
security
 Goals can be long-term or short-term

Definition cont.
Typically a country implements public
policy to satisfy the needs of its citizens,
to protect their rights as outlined in the
country’s constitution, or to better the
state’s position on the global scale
 For a democratic system, in order for the
regime to remain in power, the people
must be content with its government’s
public policy

Goals of the CCP
Most objectives in Chinese public policy, as
postulated by the ruling “self-perpetuating
elite” of the CCP, involve strengthening its
stature at the global level
 Aim to garner international respect for
China as a economic and political
superpower- the elite are extreme
nationalists
 Very few purely domestic policies- mainly
directed toward maintaining the power of
the CCP and quelling political differences

Adherence to CCP Policies
China consists of both
dense urban and
subsistent rural
populations that exist in
sharp contrast
 Blanket policies of the
CCP are not always
beneficial to China’s entire
diverse populace
 Provincial authorities find
ways to work around
policies that may endanger
local interests

Economic Policy
China’s booming economy is focus of most
of public policy passed by the CCP
 With the third highest GDP in the world, the
elite tailor policies to further advance
China’s economy and make it a more
formidable global power
 The unprecedented growth of the Chinese
economy has created tremendous
disparities in living standards as a result of
the unequal distribution of wealth
 The rapidity of economic growth has
inhibited the government’s ability to plan its
development

Pollution
China is the world’s leader in
producing coal and among the top
consumers (1.4 billion metric tons
produced per year)
 Coal accounts for 74% of the
energy produced in China- a distant
second is oil/petroleum at 20%
 China’s reliance on burning coal
and oil creates significant air
pollution

 Acid rain, smog (particulate matter and
sulfur dioxide), and greenhouse gases
are produced
In certain parts of China, total
suspended particles is two to three
times the limit specified as safe by
the World Health Organization
 Lack of civil responsibility for
waterways

Pollution cont.



Chinese initiatives to counteract the degradation of
the country’s environment include investment in
nuclear power and renewable hydroelectric power
There are currently two nuclear power facilities in
operation, one south of Shanghai and the other near
Hong Kong, and several new facilities are under
construction with hopes to expand electricity
production in the nuclear sector from just over 1% to
3%
The CCP has also authorized the construction of
numerous large hydropower dams
 The Three Gorges Dam is the largest of these and upon
completion it will produce 84.7 billion kilowatt-hours of
electricity per year
 It will also block the Yangtze River, the third largest in the
world, creating a reservoir that will displace millions
Population Policy



With a population officially just over 1.4 billion and
an estimated growth rate of about 0.6%, China is
very concerned about its population growth and
has attempted with mixed results to implement a
strict birth limitation policy
China's 2002 Population and Family Planning
Law and policy permit one child per family, with
allowance for a second child under certain
circumstances, especially in rural areas, and with
guidelines looser for ethnic minorities with small
populations
Enforcement varies, and relies largely on "social
compensation fees" to discourage extra births
Health Care and Education
The CCP has allowed
the decentralization of
health institutions,
removing former political
control and government
funding
 Increased autonomy of
health facilities promotes
free treatment of
Chinese citizens and
thereby boosts the
efficacy of health care


Only a very small
percentage of the
Chinese elite has access
to the highest quality
education system
 Nine years of education is
compulsory
 The rural class, which
constitutes the vast
majority, rarely participates
in advanced schooling

Hu Jintao has mentioned
a plan for more equity in
public education, but no
such change has been
implemented
Sources
Encyclopedia of Modern China . David
Pong, ed. Detroit: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 2009. 2312 pp. 4 vols.
Comparative Politics- Charles Hauss
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation
/Heather-20184-Chinese-society-introIntroduction-contemporary-Overviewlecture-Continuity-change-Threephases-as-Entertainment-pptpowerpoint/
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https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html