Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
Unit C: BIOLOGY
1.1 A Window on a New World
Early Microscopes and Microscopists
 _____________ and Zacharias Janssen, Dutch lens-makers, invented the ___________________
microscope in 1595.
 Compound microscopes use more than ________ lens to magnify the object
 Robert Hooke, in 1665, used a ____________ lense microscope to view cork cells
 Around the same time Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, using only a single lens microscope
was the first to see the movement of single cells that we now know as
_________________.
Skill and Practice: Calculating Magnification

To use a compound microscope to estimate the size of an object you need to be able
to calculate the magnification of certain combinations of lenses

Magnification =
(____________________________________________)(_________________________________)
Skill Practice “Calculating Magnification”
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
1.1 Check & Reflect
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
1.2 Development of the Cell Theory
Spontaneous Generation
____________________________ is a theory that states that nonliving things can be transformed
into living things.
 Proposed by Greek philosopher, ___________________
 Implied that fish and frogs came from ___________, and flies came from rotten
________
 Scientists accepted this theory for nearly _________ years
 At times referred to as "__________________________ _________________________"
 Francesco ________, an Italian physician in 1668 set out to prove flies do not come
from meat, by conducting an experiment
 Pieces of meat were placed in ____different jars not covered
(______________________________)
 Pieces of meat were placed in 4 different jars ________________ (______________________)
 Experimental group -> attracted flies -> laid eggs -> maggot -> fed on meat ->
turned to flies
 Control group ->no fly attraction -> no flies produced
 Redi concluded flies did not come from rotting ______________
 But..._______ was claimed to be the active ingredient to the rotting meat to
produce flies
 So... Redi used an experimental test, this time covering the container with a very
fine mesh, allowing for ________ flow, but no fly contact
 Conclusion... Meat cannot be transformed into ___________.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Boiled broth for a long time -> clear broth -> swan-necked flask -> microbes trapped in
curve of the flask
Conclusion: microbes could not be created from non-living broth
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
The Cell Theory
No one scientist developed the cell theory.
Robert Hooke
 First described cells in 1665, while looking at a piece of _____________ under a
primitive microscope.
 He saw honeycomb shaped structures and described them as _______________.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
 Observed living blood cells, bacteria, and single-cell ______________________
Robert Brown
 1820, described the tiny sphere in the ________________ cell as the nucleus
Theodor Schwann (zoologist) and Mathias Schleiden (botanist)
 concluded plant and __________________ tissues are composed of cells
 prepared the __________________ of the modern cell theory
The modern Cell Theory states:
 All living things are made up of ______________ or more cells and the
materials produced by these cells.
 All life functions take place in cells, making them the _______________ unit
of life
 All cells are produced from ________________________________ cells through
the process of cell division
Homework:
 Pg 244 Skill Practice “Calculating Magnification”
 Section 1.1, 246 1.1 Check & Reflect, #1-7
 Section 1.2, pg 252 1.2 Check & Reflect, #1-8 (omit 6)
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
1.2 Check & Reflect
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
1.3
Developments in Imaging Technology and Staining Techniques
Contrast
 Scientist discovered that they could manipulate the __________ source to alter the
contrast between structures in the cell and improve the ____________.
 Experiments with ______________ and coloring agents showed that particular stains
could attach to particular parts of the _________, improving the contrast between
internal structures and producing better images
 A disadvantage to staining is that it ___________ the cells, making it impossible to view
living cells.
Microscopes
We are going to be looking at 4 types of microscopes:
–
___________________ Microscopes
–
___________________ Microscope
 ________
 ___________
–
Confocal _______________ Scanning Microscope
–
_________________ Tunneling Microscope
Light Microscope
 Think of the compound microscope as a good friend
 It is relatively inexpensive, reliable, but it has its limitations.
 Maximum magnification ~__________
Electron Microscope
 The “go to” reliable microscope with lots of power, and just a hint of mystery
 Engineered in the ___________. Specimens are illuminated with a beam of electrons
instead of ___________. Makes electron micrograph.
Transmission Microscope
 Works like a slide projector. Electrons go through a _________ sample to give the
micrograph
 Magnifies _____________________
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
Scanning Electron Microscope
 Sweeps a beam of electrons over object to get a _____ image.
 Magnification of up to ________________
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope
 Has very powerful observation abilities
 Invented in the ______________
 Can study thick specimens, measures ______ slices in order to form a ______ image.
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
 Very technologically advanced. It seems like it can do ANYTHING.
 Developed in the __________, can obtain an image of atoms on an object’s surface. Can
produce images of DNA. Uses an electron probe to make a _______ image
Homework: Read Section 1.3 and complete pg 262 1.3 Check & Reflect, #1-6
1.3 Check & Reflect
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
2.1 The Cell as and Efficient, Open System
Cells carry on all of the life processes including:
 Intake of ___________________________
 ___________________________of gases
 Movement
 Waste removal
 ___________________________
 Reproduction
 Response to stimuli
Cell Membrane
 Protective ___________________________
 Allows transport of materials into and out of the cell
 Composed of ___________________________layer of lipid (fat) molecules and embedded
proteins
 Connects the cell to the ___________________________environment
 Semi-permeable ___________________________
 Regulates the entry of molecules into and out of the cell
Nucleus
 Contains DNA, the genetic material of the cell
 Directs cellular ___________________________
 Surrounded by the nuclear ___________________________, which has pores to allow the
transport of materials
Cytoplasm
 __________-like substance inside the cell membrane
 Contains nutrients required by the cell to carry on the life process
 ___________________________are suspended in the cytoplasm
 Allows for the movement of organelles and molecules within the cell, referred to as
___________________________streaming
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
Cell Wall – plants, bacteria and fungi
 ___________________________frame around the cell that provides strength and support.
Chloroplasts – plants
 Contain ___________________________that produces a green color, they are the sites of
photosynthesis
 Photosynthesis uses energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into
sugars for the plant’s use and ___________________________
Vacuoles and Vesicles
 Membrane bound structures that serve to store ___________________________, products of
secretion and fats
 In plants, the central ___________________________stores water for the cell
 In plant cells, when fluids enter, the central vacuole swells, increasing the turgor
pressure causing the cell to become ___________________________.
 ___________________________transport substances through the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Series of interconnected small _________________that branch from the nuclear envelope.
 Materials can be transported through these tubes
 Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ___________________________attached to it and is
associated with protein synthesis
 ______________________endoplasmic reticulum is associated with fat and oil production
Ribosomes
 May be attached to the ___________________________reticulum or free in the cytoplasm
 Sites where ___________________________are assembled into proteins in the process of
protein synthesis
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
Lysosomes
 Membrane bound sacs in the cell where ___________________________occurs
 Defend against invading ___________________________
 ___________________________damaged cell organelles
 Control digestion of certain ___________________________during development
Golgi Apparatus
 Flat, disc shaped sacs involved in ___________________________
 Receives substances from the endoplasmic ___________________________and packages
them for transport out of the cell
Mitochondria
 ___________________________structures
 Convert chemical energy in sugars into energy the cell can use, cellular respiration
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
Chemical Composition of Cell Structures
 Major elements making up the structure of plant and animal cells are carbon,
___________________________, oxygen and ___________________________
 They are organized into four major organic compounds: _______________________(fats
and oils), ___________________________ (sugars, starches and cellulose), protein (muscle
fibre) and nucleic acids (DNA).
Similarities: Plant and Animal
 Both have cell membrane and an internal network of fibres, the
___________________________, made of lipids and proteins
 Both have genetic material (DNA) made up of sugars, nitrogen bases and _____________
Differences: Plant and Animal
 Animal cells have ___________________________, involved in cell division
 Plant cells have cell ___________________________
 Plant cells contain ___________________________, used for photosynthesis
 Plant cells have a large central vacuole, animal cells have small vacuoles and vesicles
Homework: Pg. 12, 13 worksheets: due the next day.
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
Unit C—Cycling of Matter in Living Systems
Unit Support
Plant and Animal Cells: Give a title to each diagram and complete the labels for each.
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
Unit C—Cycling of Matter in Living Systems
Unit Support
Cell Structures and Their Functions
Cell Structure
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Vacuoles and
Vesicles
Lysosomes
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
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Function
Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
2.2 The Role of the Cell Membrane in Transport
The cell membrane is the organelle responsible for transport of
into and out of the
. The substances that enter and leave the cell may be
, or in some
physical sense are
. These substances in a
, and behave according to
.
The Particle Model of Matter
1. All matter is made of
but the particles in different substances may be
different in
.
2. The particles of matter are constantly
and most in
; particles move least in
. Adding or taking away energy will affect the
.
3. The particles of matter are
or are
.
4. Particles have space between them that are smallest in
, except for ice, and greatest in
. The spaces may be occupied by the particles of
.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the natural movement of particles from an area of
to an area of
. Since the particles are in constant motion they move
until they are
distributed throughout the room, resulting in a state of
.
Adding energy and increasing molecular movement (i.e. heat and stirring) can increase the
.
Diffusion can also occur in cells.
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
The cell membrane is considered to be
because it allows certain particles to
pass through it, but
. This is called a
membrane. Generally the passage of materials through the material is determined by:

The
of the molecules

The
of the molecules

The
of the molecules in lipids (must be soluble)
The Concentration Gradient
In general, particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Therefore

Carbon Dioxide diffuses
of the cell, an area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration.

Oxygen diffuses
the cell (low concentration) from outside of the cell where the
concentration of oxygen is high.
Concentration Gradients
Concentration
Gradient
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
Osmosis
The cell is an open system, therefore is always interacting and responding to the conditions of the
. If the cell membrane is not permeable to the solute mixed with water, the water will
pass through the cell membrane, leaving the solute molecules outside of the cell. This is the process of
osmosis.
Osmosis is the movement of water through a membrane in response to its
. The membrane is not
to the solute. This is another form of
transport.
To predict the direction in which a net movement of water will occur, the solute concentration must be
compared.

Hypertonic ("hyper" means over) - The concentration of the solutes outside is
. Therefore if the cell is put into this solution, water will
.

Isotonic ("iso" means equal) - The concentration of solutes outside the cell is
. Therefore if the cell is put into this solution, there is no
of water molecules, just odd molecules moving in and out of the cell.

Hypotonic ("hypo" means under) - The concentration of solutes outside is
. Therefore if the cell is put into this solution, water will
the cell.
Facilitated Diffusion
There are two forms of protein mediated transport for those molecules that are soluble in water but not
in lipids, and to cross the cell membrane.
a) Channel proteins create pores or channels through which small
are able to move. These molecules move in response to the
.
b) Carrier proteins have the ability to attach to
that are not able to
across the membrane. The carrier protein
and physically moves the molecules across the
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and
Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
into the
. Once the molecules have been transported, the
its
returns to
. This process is called a
, which is the movement of substances in response to the concentration
gradient but also requires the presence of the protein facilitator.
Both forms of protein mediated transport are examples of passive transport, because no added
needed.
Active transport requires energy input to transport molecules. Active transport is necessary when
protein carriers need to carry molecules across the
, from areas of
to areas of
.
The energy required is produced in the
through the process of
and comes from the substances called
. A series of chemical reactions occurs first in
the cytoplasm then in the mitochondrion, to break down
and produce the
ATP.
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
When a molecule need to be taken in by the cell, but are too large to pass across the cell membrane,
event with the help of protein carriers, the process of Endocytosis occurs.
Endocytosis is the process that occurs when a
(a small temporary sac) forms around
the particle and the cell membrane pinches off around it so that the vesicle is inside the cell.
When a molecule need secreted by the cell, but are too large to pass across the cell membrane, a vesicle
surrounds the particle, then moves to the
vesicle then
and fuses with it. The
, releasing its contents into the surrounding area of the cell. This process
of secretion is called exocytosis.
Both exocytosis and endocytosis require energy from ATP for the rearrangement of the cell membrane.
Homework: Worksheet
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
3.1 Cells, Tissues, and Systems and 3.2 The Leaf and Photosynthesis
Plant Structure
 Plants are ___________________________organisms
 Living systems made up of many parts
 Groups of cells performing the same function together are called tissues
 ___________________________contributing to the same function form organs which are
part of a system
 The plant has two organ systems: the ___________________________system (everything
above ground) and the ___________________________system (everything below ground)
 Plants grow, or increase in size by cell division in the
 Shoot apical ___________________________, or
 ___________________________apical meristem
 There are 3 main types of plant tissues:
 Dermal tissue: ___________________________
 Ground tissue: ___________________________material
 Vascular tissue: ___________________________and ___________________________
Dermal Tissue
 Dermal tissue or epidermis is the outer layer of cells that covers all
___________________________ (non-woody) plants.
 Responsible for the exchange of matter and gases into and out of the plant
 In woody plants, the epidermis is replaced by cork and bark, the leaves and stem are
responsible for gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen
 Protects the plant from ___________________________
 Dermal tissue of the root system is responsible for the uptake of water and
___________________________salts from the soil.
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
Ground Tissue
 Makes up the ___________________________of the plant, found beneath the epidermis
 In the stem they provide ___________________________and support to the plant
 In the roots they are involved in food and water storage
 In the leaves it is the location where ___________________________occurs
 Cells are loosely packed and allow gases to diffuse rapidly through the ground
tissue.
Vascular Tissues
 Vascular tissue is responsible for moving materials around the plant. Water from
the roots to the leaves, and ____________________from the leaves to the roots for storage
Xylem Tissue
 Moves water and dissolved ___________________________from the roots up the stem to the
leaves where these substances are used in photosynthesis.
 Thick walled tubes of various diameters
Phloem Tissue
 Transports ___________________________and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to
other parts of the plant
 Formed from individual long sieve tube cells, which have perforated end walls
Specialization in Plant Cells
 Cells that become part of the root system and are responsible for the
___________________________of water and minerals from the soil, produce tiny hair-like
projections called root hairs
 Root hairs increase the surface area for absorption
 Dermal cells of the shoot system produce ___________________________to protect the cells
from water loss
 ___________________________epidermal surface of leaves develops specific cells, called
guard cells
 Guard cells form tiny pores called ___________________________for gas exchange
 Guard cells contain ___________________________
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
Photosynthesis
 Leaves perform ___________________________in plants, and this process supports all life
on earth.
 Chloroplasts are found in the leaves of plants and contain all the
___________________________, which is responsible for photosynthesis.
 ___________________________is a chemical process that transforms CO2 and H2O into
useable materials such as C6H12O6 and O2.
 Balanced Chemical Equation :
 Plants can now use this simple sugar to undergo normal life processes. (Energy).
Cellular Respiration
 This is the description of the normal activities inside the plant. (Growing, breathing,
waste excretion, etc)
 These processes require energy, and that energy comes from the sugars (glucose)
produced during photosynthesis.
 The process of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondrion
 The plant transforms some of the glucose produced as follows:
Homework: 3.1 Check and Reflect Page 302 #1-3, 5 and 3.2 Check and Reflect Page 308
#1-5, due the next day.
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
3.1 Check and Reflect
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
3.2 Check and Reflect
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
3.3 The Leaf and Gas Exchange
Dermal Tissue
 The ___________________________on the top and underside of the leaf is clear and very
thin
 Guard cells form tiny openings or pores called ___________________________allow gas
exchange to occur
 Stomata regulates the movement of gases and open into air chambers that connect
with the cells of the ground tissue
 Carbon dioxide and oxygen can enter and leave the leaf by ___________________________at
any time.
 Most ___________________________are located on the underside of the leaf
 ___________________________cells function to allow materials in and out when necessary
 Protect the leaves from losing too much water
 The process of water leaving the leaf through the stomata is called transpiration
 Without guard cells transpiration could dangerously dehydrate a plant
 The number of stomata vary depending on environmental conditions: hot, dry
climate = _____________________stomata, high humidity = _______________________stomata
Ground Tissue
 Between the upper and lower epidermis are specialized ground tissues called
mesophyll
 There are two different types of ___________________________tissues
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
Palisade Tissue Cell
 Found just below the upper ___________________________
 Long, rigid, rectangular cells that are tightly packed together and arranged so that a
large number of cells are exposed to the Sun’s rays.
 Responsible for ___________________________
 Require ___________________________and produce ___________________________
Spongy Mesophyll Tissue
 Located between the ___________________________tissue cells and the lower epidermis
 Loosely packed irregularly shaped cells
 Increased space allows for gas exchange by ________________________throughout the leaf
 Move oxygen towards the stomata or expulsion from the plant and will move carbon
dioxide towards the ___________________________cells
Vascular Tissue
 Provides the leaf with the water needed for ___________________________and
photosynthesis and removes the sugars formed
 The “ribs” running through the leaf, called veins, contain the vascular tissue of the
leaf.
 The xylem and phloem tissues are bunched together like a handful of straws in a
vascular bundle
 Xylem transports water necessary for ___________________________and dissolved salts
from the roots to the leaf
 Phloem transports the sugar manufactured in ___________________________to the rest of
the plant
 The vascular bundles are direct extensions of the vascular bundles of the stem
 They branch into finer veins within the spongy ___________________________
Gas Exchange in Plants
 All gas exchange occurs by diffusion
 Diffusion occurs through air spaces and then across cell membranes
Homework: 3.3 Check and Reflect p. 314 # 1 – 6
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
3.3 Check and Reflect
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
3.4 Transport in Plants and 3.5 Control Systems
Cohesion and Adhesion
 The attraction of one water molecule to another is ___________________________
 Cohesion is due to the ___________________________nature of the water molecule
 Adhesion is the ability of water molecules to ___________________________other molecules
 Adhesion is also due the polarity of water molecules
Tension or Transpiration Pull
 The ___________________________of water through the stomata during the process of
transpiration creased a tension or transpiration pull
 As each molecule ______________________, it creates a pull on the adjacent water molecules
 Combine this with the forces of adhesion and cohesion it draws water up the xylem to
the leaves
The Effect of Tonicity of Plant Cells
 ___________________________is the concentration of solute particles in a solution
 In a ___________________________environment, the plant appears wilted
 In a ___________________________environment, water enters by osmosis and the cells
become turgid
Phototropism
 “photo” means ___________________________, and “tropism” means ___________________________
 Stems exhibit ___________________________phototropism, they grow towards the light
 Roots exhibit negative phototropism, they grow ___________________________from the light
Gravitropism
 Stems grow against the gravitational force and so show ______________________gravitropism
while roots grow towards the gravitational force and so show _______________gravitropism
Homework
 Tropism Concept Map
 3.4 Check and Reflect p. 322 #1-5 and 3.5 Check and Reflect p. 328 # 1-3
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Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
Discovering Tropisms: Concept Map
What to Do
Complete the concept map below, using the following words and phrases.
gravitropism
day
roots
phototropism
touch
night
elongate
do not elongate
3.4 Check and Reflect
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turgor pressure at base of leaves
stems
day and night
Science 10 [CYCLING OF MATTER IN LIVING SYSTEMS] Semester 1 – 2015/2016
3.4 Check and Reflect
3.5 Check and Reflect
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