PARTS 3 & 4
SPEECH ORGANIZATION
Selecting a topic

Subject - a broad area of knowledge

Topic- some specific aspect of a subject
Identifying subjects

What a subject areas are important to you?

What subject areas you know something about?

Setting the location and occasion for a speech

General goal- type of speech

Specific goal- a complete sentence that specifies the
exact response you want from the audience.

Thesis Statement- a sentence that outline the specific
elements of the speech that support your goal.
Organization Patterns

Topic Order- Organizing the main points of the
speech by categories or divisions of a subject.

Time/chronological Order – organizing main pts,
as a sequence of ideas or events, focusing on
what comes first, second, third.

Space Order – Organizing main pts. By following
a spatial or geographic progression.
Narrative Pattern- speech is arranged to tell a
story
Circular pattern- one idea leads to the next


Organization Patterns
Logical reasons order – organizing main
pts. With statements that indicate why the
audience should believe something or
behave in a particular way.
 Cause & effect pattern- Shows causeeffect relationships
 Problem-Solution- show the nature of the
problem & justifies proposed solution

Goal of an Introduction

get attention

set off the tone of a speech

create a bond of goodwill

establish credibility

lead into content of speech
Types of introductions

startling statement

rhetorical questions

story

personal references

quote

suspense
Types of conclusions

Summary

Stories

Appeal to action- describes behaviors you
want your listeners to follow.

Emotional impact
Gathering Ideas and Materials
Common Organizational Problems
Taking Too Long to Get to the Point
Including Irrelevant Material
Leaving Out Necessary Information
Getting Ideas Mixed Up
Gathering Ideas and Materials
Sample Outline for an Effective Presentation
I. Introduction
A. Attention getter
B. Thesis
II. Body
A.
B. (no more than five main points)
C.
Etc.
III. Conclusion
A. Review
B. Closing statement
Organizing the Body
Identify Main Points and Subpoints
Choose the Best Organizational Pattern
Chronological
Spatial
Topical
Cause-Effect
Problem-Solution
Organizing the Body
Figure 11-2: A logic tree illustrates the relationship between the
thesis, main points, and subpoints.
Organizing the Body
Rules for Main Points
Main Points Should be Stated as Claims
All Points Should Develop the Thesis
A Presentation Should Contain No More
than Five Main Points
Each Main Point Should Contain Only
One Idea
Main Points Should be Parallel in
Structure Whenever Possible
Planning the Introduction
Functions of the Introduction
Capture the Listener’s Attention
Give Your Audience a Reason to Listen
Set the Proper Tone for the Topic and
Setting
Establish Your Qualifications
Introduce Your Thesis and Preview Your
Presentation
Planning the Introduction
Types of Opening Statements
Ask a Question
Tell a Story
Present a Quotation
Make a Startling Statement
Refer to the Audience
Refer to the Occasion
Use Humor
Planning the Conclusion
Functions of the Conclusion
The Review
The Closing Statement
Planning the Conclusion
Types of Closing Statements
Return to the Theme of Your
Opening Statement
Appeal for Action
End with a Challenge
Adding Transitions
Functions of Transitions
They Promote Clarity
They Emphasize Important Ideas
They Keep Listeners Interested
Adding Transitions
Characteristics of Effective Transitions
They Refer to Both Preceding and
Upcoming Ideas
A Bridge to Get Listeners From One
Point to Another
Using Language
Use
specific language

Concrete & precise
Provide details & examples
Be sensitive to cultural
differences
Use Repetition
Speaking Vividly & Emphatically
 Vivid
Language- Language that is full of
life, bright, intense
 Simile- A direct comparison of dissimilar
things using like or as
 Metaphor- a comparison that
establishes a figurative identity between
objects
 Personification-The attribution of human
qualities to in animate things or ideas
Drama
Omission-
Leave out a word
or phrase that the audience
expects to hear.
 “I
came, I saw, I conquered.”
Julius Caesar
 Inversion-
Reverse the normal word
order of a phrase or sentence.
 “This much we pledge…”
JFK
 Suspension-Place
the key word or
phrase at the end of the sentence.
 “ Things go better with coke (vs.) Coke
goes better with everything”.
Cadence
 Parallelism-
Occurs when two or more
clauses or sentences have the same
grammatical pattern.
“We will walk on our feet; we will work
with our own hands; we will speak our
own minds.”
 Emerson

“I came, I saw, I conquered.” Julius
Caesar
 (number your points)

Antithesis-
A sentence that has
two parts with parallel structure
but contrasting meaning.
 “Ask
not what your country can
do for you; ask what you can do
for your country”.
 JFK
 Repetition
 (Anaphora-
repeats a word or phrase—
 “Blessed
are the poor… , blessed are the
meek…, blessed are the peacemakers…”)
 Alliteration-
The repetition of a consonant
sound several times in a phrase.
 (“Down
with dope, up with hope” J. Jackson)