The Trace Minerals
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The Trace Minerals
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
The Trace Minerals
• Food sources
• Deficiencies
• Toxicities
• Interactions
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Iron
• Ferrous (Fe++)
–Reduced
• Ferric (Fe+++)
–Oxidized
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Iron Absorption
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Iron: Heme vs. Nonheme
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Iron
• Factors enhance nonheme iron
absorption
–MFP factor
–Vitamin C
–Citric acid from
foods
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Iron
• Factors enhance nonheme iron
absorption
–Lactic acid from foods
–HCl from stomach
–Sugars
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Iron
• Factors inhibit nonheme iron
absorption
–Phytates
–Fibers
–Oxalates
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Iron
• Factors inhibit nonheme iron
absorption
–Calcium
–Phosphorus
–EDTA
–Tannic acid
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Iron Recycling
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Iron
• High risk for iron deficiency
–Women in their reproductive
years
–pregnant women
–Infants and young children
–Teenagers
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Iron
• Stages of iron deficiency
–Iron stores diminish
–Transport iron decreases
–Hemoglobin production declines
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• Both size and
color are normal
in these blood
cells
• Blood cells in
iron-deficiency
anemia are
small and pale
because they
contain less
hemoglobin
Iron
• Contamination
iron
• Iron
supplements
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Iron: In Summary
• 2001 RDA
– Men: 8 mg/day
– Women (19-50 years): 18 mg/day
– Women (51+ years): 8 mg/day
• Upper level for adults: 45 mg/day
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Iron: In Summary
• Chief functions in the body
– Part of the protein hemoglobin, which
carries oxygen in the blood
– Part of the protein myoglobin in
muscles, which makes oxygen
available for muscle contraction
– Necessary for the utilization of energy
as part of the cells’ metabolic
machinery
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Iron: In Summary
• Significant sources
– Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish,
eggs
– Legumes, dried fruits
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Iron: In Summary
• Deficiency symptoms
– Anemia: weakness, fatigue,
headaches
– Impaired work performance and
cognitive function
– Impaired immunity
– Pale skin, nailbeds, mucous
membranes, and palm creases
– Concave nails
– Inability to regulate body
temperature
– Pica
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Iron: In Summary
• Toxicity symptoms
– GI distress
– Iron overload: infections, fatigue,
joint pain, skin pigmentation, organ
damage
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Zinc
• Roles
–Metalloenzymes
• Absorption
–Metallothionein
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Zinc
• Enteropancreatic circulation
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Zinc
• Zinc supplementation
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Zinc: In Summary
• 2001 RDA
– Men: 11 mg/day
– Women: 8 mg/day
• Upper level for adults: 40 mg/day
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Zinc: In Summary
Chief functions in the body
– Part of many enzymes
– Associated with the hormone insulin
– Involved in making genetic material
and proteins, immune reactions,
transport of vitamin A, taste
perception, wound healing, the
making of sperm, and the normal
development of the fetus
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Zinc
• Significant
sources
– Proteincontaining
foods
– Red meats,
shellfish
– Whole grains
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Zinc
• Deficiency
symptoms
– Growth
retardation,
delayed sexual
maturation,
impaired immune
function, hair loss,
eye and skin
lesions, loss of
appetite
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Zinc: In Summary
• Toxicity symptoms
– Loss of appetite, impaired immunity,
low HDL, copper and iron deficiencies
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Iodine
• Iodine vs. iodide
• Deficiency
–Goitrogens
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Iodine: In Summary
• 2001 RDA for adults: 150 g/day
• Upper level: 1100 g/day
• Chief functions in the body
– A component of two thyroid
hormones that help to regulate
growth, development, and metabolic
rate
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Iodine: In Summary
• Significant sources
– Iodized salt, seafood, bread,
dairy products, plants grown in
iodine-rich soil and animals fed
those plants
• Deficiency disease
– Simple goiter
– Cretinism
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Iodine: In Summary
• Deficiency symptoms
– Underactive thyroid gland, goiter
– Mental and physical retardation in
infants (cretinism)
• Toxicity symptoms
– Underactive thyroid gland, elevated
TSH, goiter
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Selenium
• 2000 RDA for adults: 55 g/day
• Upper level for adults: 400 g/day
• Chief functions in the body
– Defends against oxidation
– Regulates thyroid hormone
• Significant sources
– Seafood, meat
– Whole grains, vegetables (depending
on soil content)
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Selenium
• Deficiency symptoms
– Predisposition to heart disease
characterized by cardiac tissue
becoming fibrous (Keshan disease)
• Toxicity symptoms
– Loss and brittleness of hair and nails
– Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and
nervous system disorders
– Garlic breath odor
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Copper
• 2001 RDA for adults: 900 g/day
• Upper level for adults:
10,000 g/day (10 mg/day)
• Chief functions in the body
– Necessary for absorption and use of
iron in the formation of hemoglobin
– Part of several enzymes
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Copper
• Significant sources
– Seafood
– Nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes
• Deficiency symptoms
– Anemia, bone abnormalities
• Toxicity symptoms
– Liver damage
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Manganese
• 2001 AI
– Men: 2.3 mg/day
– Women: 1.8 mg/day
• Upper level for adults: 11 mg/day
• Chief functions in the body
– Cofactor for several enzymes
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Manganese
• Significant sources
– Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables,
tea
• Deficiency symptoms
– Rare
• Toxicity symptoms
– Nervous system disorders
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Fluoride
• 1997 AI
– Men: 3.8 mg/day
– Women: 3.1 mg/day
• Upper level for adults: 10 mg/day
• Chief functions in the body
– Involved in the formation of bones
and teeth
– Helps to make teeth resistant to
decay
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U.S.
Population
With
Fluoridated
Water
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Fluoride
• Significant sources
– Drinking water (if fluoride containing
or fluoridated)
– Tea, seafood
• Deficiency symptoms
– Susceptibility to tooth decay
• Toxicity symptoms
– Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration of
teeth)
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Chromium
• 2001 AI
– Men: 35 g/day
– Women: 25 g/day
• Chief functions in the body
– Enhances insulin action
• Significant sources
– Meats (especially liver)
– Whole grains, brewer’s yeast
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Chromium
• Deficiency symptoms
– Diabetes-like condition
• Toxicity symptoms
– None reported
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Molybdenum
• 2001 AI for adults: 45 g/day
• Upper level for adults: 2 mg/day
• Chief functions in the body
– Cofactor for several enzymes
• Significant sources
– Legumes, cereals
– Organ meats
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Molybdenum
• Deficiency symptoms
– Unknown
• Toxicity symptoms
– None reported
– Reproductive effects in animals
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Other Trace Minerals
• Nickel
• Silicon
• Vanadium
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Other Trace
Minerals
• Cobalt
• Boron
• Arsenic
Contaminant Minerals
• Heavy metals
–Lead
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Phytochemicals And
Functional Foods
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Phytochemicals And
Functional Foods
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Phytochemicals And
Functional Foods
• Defending against cancer
• Defending against heart disease
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• Functional
foods...
– from nature
– from
manufacturers
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Phytochemicals And
Functional Foods
Functional foods
– Inconclusive research
– Food labels
– Safety
– Overall healthfulness of products
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