Chapter 16 Study
Guide
Four States of Matter

Solids
– low KE - particles vibrate but
can’t move around
– atoms held tightly into place
– definite shape & volume
Four States of Matter

Liquids
– higher KE - particles can move
around but are still close
together
– no definite shape
– definite volume
Four States of Matter

Gases
– high KE - particles can separate
and move throughout container
– no definite shape & volume
– move more quickly than particles
that make up solids
Four States of Matter

Plasma
– very high KE – made up of charged
particles (+/-)
– gas-like, indefinite
shape & volume
– most common state
of matter
– stars
Pressure
• Pressure is the amount of force
exerted per unit of area, or P = F/A.
• Pressure is measured in a unit called
Pascal (Pa), the SI unit of pressure.
• Most matter expands when heated.
Heating Curves

Heat of Fusion
– energy required to change from solid to
liquid
– some attractive forces are broken
Heating Curves

Heat of Vaporization
– energy required to change from liquid to
gas
– all attractive forces are broken
Archimedes’ Principle
 Archimedes
- Whether an object will sink or float in a fluid

Viscosity
– Resistance to flow by a fluid
Archimedes’ Principle

Archimedes’ Principle
– the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is
equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the
object
Not
More
water
needs
water
is
to displaced
betodisplaced
in order
in order
cancel
to to
Veryenough
little
water
needs
be displaced
intoorder
cancel weight
weight
 ball sinks.
 ball floats lower
in the water.
on surface.
View Buoyancy JAVA Applet.
View animations produced by students at Poly Prep Country Day School in Brooklyn, New York.
Archimedes’ Principle

Buoyant Force
– upward force exerted by a fluid on an immersed
object
– buoyant force > weight
balloon rises
– buoyant force < weight
balloon sinks
– buoyant force = weight
balloon floats
Charles’ Law
• According to Charles’s law, the volume of a
gas increases with increasing temperature,
(at constant pressure)
V1 V2

T1 T2
V
T
DIRECT
Pascal’s Principle

Pascal’s Principle
– pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted
unchanged throughout the fluid
Pascal - hydraulics
F1 F
F2
P 
A1 A
A2
Boyle’s Law

When the volume of a gas decreases, its
pressure increases (at constant temp).
• As the volume is
increased, the
pressure will
decrease.
P
V
INVERSE
P1V1= P2V2
Bernoulli’s Principle

Bernoulli’s Principle
– as the velocity of a fluid increases, the
pressure exerted by the fluid decreases
– why planes fly
Thermal Expansion
When concrete
absorbs heat, it
expands. Then when
it cools, it contracts.
 If expansion joints
are not used, the
concrete will crack
when the
temperature changes.

Charles’ Law
•If you place a balloon in a freezer the
molecules will slow down and the balloon
will shrink as the volume decreases
Charles’ Law

Absolute Zero - Temp at which...
– the volume of a gas would equal zero.
– all particle motion would stop.
-273°C
or
0 K