APHASIA
Asrar Altuwairqi
OUT LINE
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What is Aphasia?
Aphasia type
What causes aphasia
Sing and symptoms
Fact about aphasia
Aphasia assessment
Aphasia management
WHAT IS APHASIA
- Acquired communication disorder results from damage to portions of
the brain that are responsible for language (impairs a person's ability to
process language). For most people, These areas are located in the left
hemisphere.
- The disorder impairs the expression and understanding of language as
well as reading and writing
APHASIA TYPE
Syndrome Type
Nonfluent Aphasia
Characteristic
Broc’s
Agrammatism; effortful articulation of
phrase length utterance; impaired prosody
and intonation ; apraxia of speech; good
comprehension
Transcortical motor
Little to no initiation of spontaneous
speech; output similar to Broca’s but
excellent imitation (even long utterances),
relatively intact comprehension.
Global
Severe deficits in all area of language
comprehension and production.
TYPE OF APHASIA (CONT’)
Syndrome Type
Fluent Aphasia
Characteristic
Wernike’s
Fluent but often meaningless speech
(jargon); good articulation, intonation, and
prosody; impaired comprehension.
Conduction
Relatively fluent speech; marked difficulty
with imitation; good language
comprehension
Anomic
Significant word-finding difficulties in the
presence of otherwise fluent and
grammatical speech; good comprehension
APHASIA CAUSES
Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often as the result of a stroke or head injury,
but it may also develop slowly, as in the case of a brain tumor, an infection,
or dementia.. Aphasia may co-occur with speech disorders such
as dysarthria or apraxia of speech, which also result from brain damage.
SING AND SYMPTOMS
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inability to comprehend language
inability to pronounce, not due to muscle paralysis or weakness
inability to speak spontaneously
inability to form words
inability to name objects
inability to repeat a phrase
SING AND SYMPTOMS
CONTINUE
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paraphasia (substituting letters, syllables or words)
agrammatism (inability to speak in a grammatically correct fashion)
dysprosody (alterations in inflexion, stress, and rhythm)
incomplete sentences
inability to read
inability to write
limited verbal output
difficulty in naming
Speech disorder
FACT ABOUT APHASIA
• Anyone can acquire aphasia, including children, but most people who have
aphasia are middle-aged or older. Men and women are equally affected.
• Can a Person Have Aphasia Without Having a Physical Disability but many
people with aphasia also have weakness or paralysis of their right leg and
right arm.
• The person's intelligence is basically intact
APHASIA ASSESSMENT
purposes of Language Assessment
• Differential Diagnosis - It is necessary to determine whether a patient's
language dysfunction is aphasia or something else.
- Does the patient possess a speech or language impairment?
- Is this impairment aphasia?
- If the primary disorder is aphasia, what is its type and severity?
ASSESSMENT COT’
• Determination of Level of Functional Communication
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to provide a reasonable basis for the design and implementation of an
individual treatment program.
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What is the prognosis for recovery?
ASSESSMENT (CONT’)
Assessment area:
1- Spontaneous speech
2- Auditory Verbal Comprehension
A. yes/no questions
B. Auditory word recognition
C. Sequential commands
3- Repetition
4- Naming
A. Object naming
B. Word fluency
C. Sentence completion
D. Responsive speech
ASSESSMENT (CONT’)
5- Reading
A. Reading - comprehension of sentences
B. Reading - commands
C. Written - word stimulus- object –choice matching
D. Written – stimulus – picture – choice matching
E. Picture stimulus –written word – choice matching
F. Spoken words – written word - choice matching
G. Letter discrimination
H. Spelled word recognition
I. Spelling
ASSESSMENT (CONT’)
6- Writing
A. Writing on request
B. Written output
C. Writing to dictation
D. Writing dictated or visually presented words
E. Alphabet and number
F. Dictated letters and numbers
G. copying of words of a sentence
DEFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
• Apraxia of speech
is an oral motor speech disorder affecting an individual's ability to translate
conscious speech plans into motor plans, which results in limited and difficult
speech ability.
it may cause difficulty:
- Producing the desired speech sound.
- Using the correct rhythm and rate of speaking.
• Dysarthria
is a motor speech disorder. The muscles of the mouth, face, and respiratory
system may become weak, move slowly, or not move at all after a stroke or
other brain injury
APHASIA TREATMENT
if the brain damage is mild, a person may recover language skills without
treatment. However, most people undergo speech and language therapy to
rehabilitate their language skills and supplement their communication experiences.
Researchers are currently investigating the use of medications, alone or in
combination with speech therapy, to help people with aphasia.
Speech and language rehabilitation
Recovery of language skills is usually a relatively slow process. Although most
people make significant progress, few people regain full pre-injury communication
levels. In aphasia, speech and language therapy:
Starts early. Therapy is most effective when it begins soon after the brain injury.
Builds on success. The speech-language pathologist uses exercises to improve
and practice communication skills. These may begin with simpler tasks such as
naming objects and evolve into more complex exercises of explaining the purpose
of an object.
TREATMENT CONT’
Shifts focus. The speech-language pathologist might teach the person ways to
compensate for the language impairment and to communicate more effectively
with gestures or drawings. Some people with aphasia may use a book or board
with pictures and words to help them recall commonly used words or help them
when they're stuck.
Often works in groups. In a group setting, people with aphasia can try out their
communication skills in a safe environment. Participants can practice initiating
conversations, speaking in turn, clarifying misunderstandings and fixing
conversations that have completely broken down.
May include outings. Participating in real-life situations — such as going to a
restaurant or a grocery store — puts rehabilitation efforts into practice.
May include use of computers. Using computer-assisted therapy can be
especially helpful for relearning verbs and word sounds (phonemes
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