MEASURING POLICE
EFFECTIVENESS
Bill Bieck
Measuring Police Effectiveness
• Implementing Neighborhood-Oriented
Policing: The Houston Experience--Where to
start?
– Political Context
– Facilitating Change
• Executive Sessions + Reports +
Implementation Reports
• Department Command Staff Meetings
(Assistant Chiefs): change orientation
• Command Meetings (Assistant Chief and
Captains): change orientation.
Developmental Legacy
– Kansas City Interactive Patrol Program
– Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
– Kansas City Directed Patrol Program
(introduction of “tele-serve”)
– Kansas City Response Time Analysis Study
– San Diego One/Two Officer Car Study
– San Diego Field Interrogation Study
– San Diego Community-Oriented Policing
(COP) Program
– New Haven directed-Deterrent Patrol Study
– Rand Study of Criminal Investigations
Developmental Legacy - Cont.
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Forensic Evaluation of Police Crime Labs
Wilmington’s Split Force Program
Nashville’s Helicopter Patrol Study
Nashville’s Replication of Kansas City’s
Preventive Patrol Experiment
Flint, Michigan’s Foot Patrol Program
Newark’s Foot Patrol Program
Newport News, Virginia’s, Problem-Oriented
Policing Study (New Briarfield)
Washington Metropolitan Police Dept’s Repeat
Offender Program (ROP)
Developmental Legacy - Cont.
– Differential Police Response Experiment (Garden
Grove, Toledo, and Greenville)
– Patrol Emphasis Program (LEAA)
– Integrated Criminal Apprehension Program
(LEAA)
– Managing Patrol Operations (MPO)
– Managing Criminal Investigations (MCI)
– Serious, Habitual (Juvenile) Offender
Comprehensive Action Program
(SHOCAP/LEAA)
– Minneapolis’ Study regarding Domestic Violence.
The Patrol Function: Beat
Design/Reconfiguration
• Districts, beats, zones, divisions, sectors,
commands, car territories, etc.: What’s the
purpose of a beat, zone, district, division,
etc.?
– MANAGEABLE area, crime suppression and
accountability; traffic analysis, ability to impact
problems.
• Issues regarding beat design/reconfiguration
– Type(s) of area
– Beat, etc., boundaries
The Patrol Function:
Staffing/Deployment/Resource
Allocation
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Staffing relief factor (SRF)
Work demands (temporal) analysis
Cross-beat/sector dispatches
Repeat location analysis
One-two officer units
“Rovers”
Time management
Territorial imperative
“GBs” and “wolfpacks”
Operations: Patrol
• Types of patrol: What’s the objective?
What do you want to accomplish?
Traditional, random, routine, conventional
patrol vis-à-vis directed patrol (DP) and
self-directed activities (SDAs)
• “Snoopervision,” supervision, or
management: Who Works for whom?
Operations: Patrol - Cont.
– Administrative: rules, regulations, policies, and
special operating procedures
– Operations: Utilization of crime analysis
information for directed patrol planning and
implementations and evaluation; safety and
tactical training, problem identification,
verification, and process resolution.
– Interpersonal communications
– Career and professional development and
performance evaluations.
Operations: Dispatch and
Emergency Communications
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Call intake screening
Call prioritization
Call diversion
Evaluation
– Misclassification
– Clearance coding
• Measuring police response time
– Response-related arrests
– Witness availability, citizen injury, citizen
satisfaction
Operations: Managing
Criminal Investigations (MCI)
• Case intake and administrative screening/sorting to
determine assignment and establish case priorities
(including review of early case closure
recommendations)
• Assignment
– objective/rationale/criteria/ PURPOSE regarding
assignment, e.g., individual, team, “kickback,” patrol, or
detective(s)
– Is rationale regarding assignment antithetical to objective
desired?
– Is it “take a number” like a New York deli?
Operations: Managing Criminal
Investigations (MCI) - Cont.
• The “GET” system.
• Review (relative to case priority) and
structured feedback regarding progress and
impediments.
• Evaluation for possible reassignment,
suspension, case preparation for filing, trial,
etc.
• Prosecutorial liaison
• Early case closure
Crime Analysis Goals
• Types of crime analysis (including brief
historicity)
– Tactical
– Link
– Taxonomical (cold, unsolved cases); coroner’s
office
– Trend/exception, etc.
– Hot sheet
– Wanted persons
– Known offenders
Crime Analysis Goals - Cont.
• Solvability
– Elements
– Quantifying
• Evaluation
– Tactical action plans (TAPS)
– “Trash-can” surveys
Crime Analysis Goals - Cont.
• Products
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Crime analysis information bulletin
Crime analysis intelligence bulletin
Crime analysis pattern alert bulletin
Special bulletins regarding theft of unique
property, special events, fugitives, etc.
– Hot sheets
– Field interview recaps
– Exception reports
Operations Analysis
• Staffing/deployment
• Beat design and
reconfiguration
• Where did the offense occur?
• Where were officers
dispatched?
• Operations Calendar
Traffic Analysis
• Minor property damage/no injury
• Minor property damage/minor
injury
• Major property/minor injury
• Major property/injury with
hospital transport with treatment
and release
• Serious injury with hospital stay
required
• Autos collision fatality
• Pedestrian (minor injury, serious
injury, fatality)
Crime Analysis Administration
• Offense form and format
• State/regional considerations
• Standardized offense report
to identify state-wide
patterns/problems
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Data Needs and Elements:
Internal
Offense reports and investigative supplements
Arrest/blotter/booking records
Dispatch records
Traffic accident reports and citations
Field interview, i.e., investigation/interrogation/
observation reports
• Confidential informants
• Sworn and civilian “in-house” personnel, e.g., patrol
officers, records clerks, criminalists, crime analysts,
detectives, etc.
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Data Needs and Elements:
External
NCIC
TCIC
Regional PIN
Intelligence networks and data banks
Crime Stoppers
Other local law enforcement including
county, state, and federal agencies.
• Local medical examiner(s) and personnel
from the district attorney’s office; jail and
correctional employees
Data Needs and Elements:
External - Cont.
• Tracking court “no-shows”
• Bail bondsmen
• Citizens and citizen groups
Centralized and Decentralized
Crime Analysis Operations
• Centralized, City Wide: Suspect specialists
and area generalists
• Decentralized, Neighborhood: Area
specialists and suspect generalists
Tactical Crime Analysis
Process
• Collection
• Analysis
• Collation
– serial crime matrix
– external and extraneous source materials
• Synthesis
• Dissemination
• Feedback and evaluation
Crime Analysis to Support
Community-Oriented Policing
• Cultivating positive
relationships through open
communications,
information, and
reciprocity, e.g., “PIP,” etc.
• Identifying, defining, and
verifying problems;
constructing a process (e.g.,
contracts)
Crime Analysis to Support
Community-Oriented Policing - Cont.
• Articulating rules, roles, and responsibilities
in working with citizens and citizen groups
to obtain credible and conscientious
involvement and participation
– What citizens, and what groups?
Crime Analysis to Support
Community-Oriented Policing - Cont.
– What’s in “it” for them? Why should citizens
work with local authorities?
• Citizens police academy
• Citizens graduate police academy
• The role of the Field Training Officer (FTO)
program in relationship to CommunityProblem and Neighborhood-Oriented
policing efforts
• Crime Prevention Through Environmental
Design (CPTED)
Tactical Operations based on
Crime Analysis
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Electronic and physical surveillance
Target hardening
Channeling
Saturation
Stake-outs
Zero-tolerance
Directed patrol
Intelligence monitoring
Covert patrol
Decoy operations
Tactical Operations based on
Crime Analysis - Cont.
• TRAP
– Design
– Implementation
– Simulation
– Evaluation
• “Auto-Dial,” the Oxnard Model
Crimes Against Children
• Identify external threats, i.e., possible
suspects that prey on children
– Parole records
– Probation records
– Mechanism to identify and tract chronic, repeat
sexual offenders
• Problematic families
– Runaways
– Throw-a-ways
Crimes Against Children - Cont.
• Child exploitation
– Prostitution
– Adult clubs
– Pornography
Intra/inter/multi-Agency
and Community Support
and Organization
• Law enforcement INTRA-AGENCIES
• Community INTER-AGENCIES
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Courts (i.e., criminal, juvenile, family, etc.)
Prosecutors
Probation, parole, corrections
Welfare and health care, including
youth/juvenile services, Child Protective
Services (CPS), foster homes, Day Care, etc.
Intra/inter/multi-Agency
and Community Support
and Organization - Cont.
– Schools
– Medical community (ER) and the medical
examiner
– Sheriff’s Office/Police Department
– Victim’s services, e.g., rape crisis, etc.
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“Measuring Police
Effectiveness”
Discussion