Holt Call to Freedom

Holt Call to Freedom

Chapter 4:

The English Colonies

(1605-1735)

© Holt Call To Freedom

4.1 The Virginia Colony

Objectives:

 Explain why people in England were interested in founding Jamestown and when the colony was established.

 Analyze how the Jamestown colonists interacted with local American Indians.

 Analyze how the English plantation system began.

 Examine the role indentured servants and enslaved Africans played in Virginia’s economy.


I. Settlement in Jamestown


I. Settlement in Jamestown

A.

London Company was formed in 1605 to establish a new settlement.


B. Jamestown

1.

Founded in 1607

2.

Poor location, with settlers unprepared to start a settlement

3.

Two thirds of settlers died by the first winter

4.

Captain John Smith forced settlers to work and build better housing.


Source: http://www.apva.org/history/jsmith.html

II. The Powhatan Confederacy


A. American Indians in Virginia

1. Powhatan Confederacy, led by

Wahunsonacock

2.

Assisted colonists by providing food at times

3.

Unhappy when colonists took food by force


B. A New Economy

1.

Jamestown initially did not produce a profit for the London Company.

2.

Colonist John Rolfe introduced a new type of tobacco to Virginia.

3.

Tobacco became a valuable export for the colony and allowed it to survive.


4.2 – Competing Claims in North America

C. The English Settle at Jamestown

Burley Tobacco – Franklin County, Kentucky

Source: http://members.iglou.com/perkins/newkpf/2002_08/home3001.htm



Burley Tobacco Flower – Franklin County, Kentucky


III. War in Virginia


III. War in Virginia

A.

John Rolfe married Pocahontas, daughter of Wahunsonacock.

Source: http://goodies.freeservers.com/pocahantas.html


B. Conflict

1.

Colonists no longer relied upon

American Indians for food.

2.

Colonists desired American Indian land for tobacco farms.

3.

American Indians launched a major attack on Virginia settlers in 1622.


B. Conflict

4.

War continued for some 20 years.

5.

The English Crown canceled the

London Company’s charter, and

Virginia became a royal colony under the king’s control.


IV. Daily Life in Virginia



A.

Virginians lived on scattered farms rather than in towns.



B.

The headright system allowed colonists to earn 50 acres of land for every settler they brought over from

England.


V. Labor in Virginia


A. An Early Labor System

1.

Most plantation workers were indentured servants, or colonists who agreed to work for four to seven years in exchange for passage across the

Atlantic.

2.

Indentured servants endured poor living conditions.


B. Slavery

1.

First Africans, some of whom were indentured servants, arrived in 1619.

2.

Over time, demand for more workers led planters – wealthy farmers with large plantations – to turn to slave labor.

3.

By the late 1600s, most Africans in

Virginia were kept in lifelong slavery.


VI. Bacon’s Rebellion



A.

In 1676 Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy frontier planter, led former indentured servants in an attack against peaceful

American Indians to take their land.


Source: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAbaconN.htm


B.

Angry at the governor for trying to stop them, Bacon and his followers attacked

Jamestown in an uprising called

Bacon’s Rebellion.



C.

The rebellion failed, and fear of future rebellions led many planters to favor slaves over indentured servants.


4.2 The Pilgrims’ Experience

Objectives:

 Explain why the Pilgrims came to America.

 Define the Mayflower Compact, and explain why it was important.

 Describe life in the Plymouth colony.


I. Puritans and Pilgrims http://www.rootsweb.com/~mosmd/


A. Religious Tensions

1.

Protestants called Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England from anything that reminded them of the

Catholic Church.

2.

One sect, or religious group, wanted to separate from the Church of

England.

3.

English leaders punished these

Separatists for forming their own churches.


Painting

of Puritans by Edgar Bundy http://www.modjourn.brown.edu/Image/Bundy/Bundy.htm

B. The Pilgrims

1.

One group of Separatists became known as the Pilgrims.

2.

They were immigrants – people who come to a new country after leaving the land of their birth – who left

England for the Netherlands in 1608.

3.

Decided to leave the Netherlands to establish a colony in Virginia


II. The Founding of Plymouth


A. The Voyage

1.

Pilgrims and others left England on the Mayflower in 1620.

2.

Pilgrims such as William Bradford led the group.

3.

Arrived way north of Virginia (@

Plymouth Rock in Massachusetts), because of a storm, after two months at sea


http://www.enchantedlearning.com/history/us/pilgrim/mayflowerquiz.shtml

Statue of William Bradford done by Cyrus E. Dallin http://www.pilgrimhall.org/leaders.htm

B. Creating a Colony

1.

Male passengers on the ship signed the Mayflower Compact, an agreement to have fair laws to protect the general good.

2.

Landed in Massachusetts in late 1620

3.

Half the Pilgrims died from cold and sickness during the first winter.


IN THE name of God, Amen.

We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign

Lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and

Ireland king, defender of the faith, etc., having undertaken, for the glory of

God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God, and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.

In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape-Cod the 11 of November, in the year of the reign of our sovereign lord, King

James, of England, France, and Ireland the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domine 1620.

http://www.nationalcenter.org/MayflowerCompact.html

III. Pilgrims and American Indians


III. Pilgrims and American Indians

A.

American Indians in the area had already suffered from European diseases brought by traders.


B. Relations between colonists and American Indians

1. Squanto, an American Indian who had learned English from fishing boat crews, met the Pilgrims.

2.

Helped colonists plant corn and establish relations with Wampanoag

Indians


B. Relations between colonists and American Indians

3.

American Indians and Pilgrims held a feast now known as the first

Thanksgiving.


IV. The Pilgrim Community


A. Problems

1.

Farmland around the settlement was poor.

2.

Fishing and hunting conditions were also poor, so little wealth was gained from the fur trade.


B. Family Life

1.

Families common in the Pilgrim settlement

2.

Center of religious life, health care, and community well-being

3.

Families worked together to survive.

4.

Women had more legal rights than they did in England.


4.3 The New England Colonies

Objectives:

 Explain the Great Migration and why it occurred.

 Analyze the role that religion and church played in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

 Describe how the Puritans responded to dissenters.


I. The Massachusetts Bay Colony


A. Crisis in England

1.

About 1620, England experienced an economic downturn.

2.

King Charles raised taxes even as jobs disappeared.

3.

Church of England punished Puritans as dissenters – people who disagree with official opinions.


A. Crisis in England

4.

Economic, political, and religious problems led to the Great Migration – tens of thousands of people leaving

England.


B. A Puritan Colony

1.

In 1629 Charles I granted the

Puritans a charter to create a colony —The Massachusetts

Bay Colony.

2. John Winthrop governed the new colony and later founded

Boston.

Source: http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/StudentTo1877/SChapter3.htm


Charles I in three positions - multiple portrait by Sir Anthony

Van Dyck (1599-1641)

The Royal Collection ©

2005, Her Majesty Queen

Elizabeth II

Source: http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page76.asp

B. A Puritan Colony

3. Puritans believed they had a covenant, or sacred agreement with God, to build an ideal Christian community.


Source: http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/nsh/winthrop.cfm

II. Church and State in New

England


A. The Charter

1.

Placed colony under English laws but allowed for some independence

2.

Created a General Court to run the colony


B. Politics and Religion

1.

Closely linked in New England

2.

Ministers could not hold government positions but had a great deal of authority.

3.

Male church members were the only colonists who could vote.


C. Connecticut

1.

Minister Thomas Hooker and followers founded Connecticut in 1636.

2.

In 1639 the Fundamental Orders of

Connecticut allowed men who were not church members to vote.


III. Daily Life and Customs



A.

New England communities were more stable than those in Virginia.


B. Economy

1.

Farmers grew food for their own use rather than for sale.

2.

Family members performed farm labor.



C. Education was highly valued in New

England.


IV. Dissent in Massachusetts


A. Rhode Island

1. Roger Williams disagreed with the leaders of Massachusetts.

2.

In 1644 he received a charter to establish a settlement later known as

Rhode Island.


Source: http://www.cyberhymnal.org/bio/w/i/l/williams_roger.htm

Source: http://iangoddard.net/roger.htm

IV. Dissent in Massachusetts

B. Anne Hutchinson was forced out of

Massachusetts for disagreeing with

Puritan religious leaders.

Source: http://pbskids.org/wayback/civilrights/features_hutchison.html


V. The Salem Witch Trials

A.

Girls in Salem accused people of casting spells on them.


Dungeon of the Witch

Museum

Salem, MA

Many cells were so small that the captive could not lay down


B.

Trials led to 19 people being put to death.


Reenactment of the trial of beggar woman Sarah Good told from the original 1692 transcript


C.

Officials later apologized for the witch trials.


4.4 The Southern and Middle

Colonies

Objectives:

 Discuss the role religion played in the founding and development of Maryland.

 Explain how the Carolinas were established and how their economies developed.

 Describe how the middle colonies were founded.


I. Tolerant Maryland


A. Catholics in England

1.

Could not worship freely

2.

In 1632 Cecilius Calvert obtained a charter to establish a colony that he hoped would be a refuge for Catholics.


Source: http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/000100/000191/html/msa00191.html

B. The Colony

1.

As a proprietary colony, proprietors, or owners, controlled the government.

2.

Many colonists in Maryland turned to growing tobacco.

3.

An increasing number of Protestants moved to Maryland in the 1640s.

4.

The Toleration Act of 1649 made restricting religious rights of

Christians a crime.




Burley Tobacco – Franklin County, Kentucky




Burley Tobacco Flower – Franklin County, Kentucky


II. The Carolinas



A.

Considered a single colony from 1663 to 1712



B.

North Carolina had no towns and few churches until the 1700s.


C. South Carolina

1.

First colonists arrived in the area in

1670.

2.

Colonists turned to rice production, which requires many laborers.

3.

Demand for laborers led to large number of slaves, who outnumbered white colonists by 1730.



D.

Both colonies became royal colonies in the early 1700s.


III. Diversity in New York and New

Jersey


A. New Netherland

1.

New Amsterdam became an important fur-trading center.

2.

Known for its religious tolerance

3.

In 1647 Peter Stuyvesant took command of the colony.


Source: http://www.peterstuyvesant.org/

B. English Rule

1.

English took control of New

Amsterdam in 1664, renaming it New

York.

2.

Proprietors established New Jersey in

1664.


IV. The Pennsylvania Experiment


A. The Society of Friends

1.

Known as the Quakers

2.

Rejected formal religious practices and preached tolerance

3.

Persecuted in England

Source: http://www.ushistory.org/brandywine/kids/coloringno.htm


B. Penn’s Colony

1.

Quaker William Penn received a charter to start a colony that he hoped would provide a home for Quakers.

2.

Known as Pennsylvania, the colony offered religious freedom for

Christians.

3.

Became a key example of representative self-government


Source: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PENN/pnintro.html

Source: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PENN/pnhome.html

V. The Ideal of Georgia



A.

In 1732 James Oglethorpe granted charter to found a colony, founded

Georgia in 1733


Source: http://www.ourgeorgiahistory.com/people/oglethorpe.html


B.

Hoped it would be a land of small farms without slavery



C.

Colonists wanted large farms and slaves, and Georgia became a royal colony in 1752.


Holt Call to Freedom

Holt Call to Freedom

Chapter 4:

The English Colonies

(1605-1735)

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