Ms. Susan M. Pojer
and Ms. Hajduk
1.Commercial/Business
Interests-Industrial Revolution
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
1. Commercial/Business
Interests
American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea
Power on History: 1660-1783
3.Social Darwinist Thinking
4.Examples of European Nations
The Hierarchy
of Race
The White Man’s
Burden
5. Religious/Missionary Interests
American
Missionaries
in China, 1905
In the "Possible Future" portion of Our Country, Josiah Strong
argued that the Anglo-Saxon race had a responsibility to "civilize
And Christianize" the world due to its superiority.
6. Closing the American Frontier
Commodore Matthew Perry
Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View
of Commodore
Perry
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
Japan
• Sino-Japanese War-1894 overwhelmed
China and acquired Taiwan and a sphere
of influence in Korea
• 1910 Korea annexed
• Russo-Japanese War 1904-05-over
Manchuria and Korea-fought in ChinaJapan won
a. Treaty of Portsmouth T.R. helped to
negotiate the treaty
Treaty of Portsmouth
Significance
• First time Asian nation won over European
• Japan resented lack of any war
indemnities
• U. S. realized Japan had become a major
and power and began to fear for
Philippines
Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908
 A Japanese note agreeing
to deny passports to
laborers entering the U.S.
 Japan recognized the U.S.
right to exclude Japanese
immigrants holding passports
issued by other countries.The
U.S. government got the
school board of San Francisco
to rescind their order to
segregate Asians in separate
schools.
 1908  Root-Takahira
Agreement.-respect each others
territorial possessions
Lodge Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine: 1912
 Senator Henry Cabot
Lodge, Sr.
 Non-European powers,
like Japan, would be
excluded from owning
territory in the Western
Hemisphere.
“Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million
“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867
U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s
U. S. View of Hawaiians
 Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the
Hawaiians!
U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
 1875 – Reciprocity Treaty
 1890 – McKinley Tariff
 1893 – American
businessmen backed an
uprising against Queen
Liliuokalani.
 Sanford Ballard Dole
proclaims the Republic
of Hawaii in 1894.
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian
Annexation
Ceremony, 1898
The Imperialist Taylor
Spanish Misrule in Cuba and
Humanitarianism
Valeriano Weyler’s
“Reconcentration” Policy- About
200,000 died of hunger and disease
Economic Interests
• American investors had about 50 million
dollars in Cuban sugar and tobacco
plantations
• Trade and investments suffered from
unsettled conditions
• Many investors did oppose war.
• Wilson Gorman Tariff hard on Cuban
economy
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
Hearst to Frederick Remington:
You furnish the pictures,
and I’ll furnish the war!
De Lôme Letter
 Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish
Ambassador to the U.S.
 Criticized President
McKinley as weak and a
bidder for the admiration
of the crowd, besides
being a would-be politician
who tries to leave a door
open behind himself while
keeping on good terms
with the jingoes of his
party.
Sinking of the Maine
Sparks the War
• The Maine was sent to Havana in January
1898 to protect American interests during
the long-standing revolt of the Cubans
against the Spanish government.
• It sank of Feb. 15, 1898 when her forward
gunpowder magazines exploded. Nearly
three-quarters of the battleship's crew died
as a result of the explosion-258 sailors
died
Remember the Maine
and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine
victims in Havana
Spain’s reaction
• McKinley’s sends demands to Madrid-an
immediate armistice-release of prisoners
and American mediation between Spain
and Cuba
• Sagasta government wanted to avoid war
and said that if nothing was done to
humiliated Spain, they could come to
some kind of settlement
McKinley's Reaction
• Wall Street –Big Business-and majority of
Republican senators did not want war
• McKinley could not take the pressure from
the press and the Young Republican such
as Henry Cabot Lodge and others
• McKinley was already worried
about the 1900 election
Key Events and Battles
• U.S.S. Maine blows up Feb.15, 1898
• Assistant Secretary Theodore Roosevelt
orders Admiral Dewey to prepare for Asian
War-February 25, 1898
McKinley asks Congress to declare
War
April 11, 1898
Teller Amendment
McKinley and Wheeler
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
Dewey Captures Manila!
Charge of the Rough Riders
by Frederic Remington
The
“Rough
Riders”
Rough Riders
The most famous of all the units fighting in
Cuba, the "Rough Riders" was the name
given to the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry
under the leadership of Theodore
Roosevelt. Roosevelt resigned his position
as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in May
1898 to join the volunteer cavalry. The
Rough Riders were a mix of troops
ranging from Ivy League athletes to gleeclub singers to Texas Rangers and
Indians. They were commanded y Leonard
Wood.
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
• During the War of 1898, Admiral Cervera
commanded of the squadron sent to
protect the colonies in the New World from
the United States. He entered Santiago
Bay, Cuba, May 19, 1898 where he was
immediately blockaded by Admiral
Sampson's fleet. On July 3, Cervera
followed orders and tried an heroic but
unsuccessful escape from the
• enemy's blockade. As a result,
• he lost all his ships
• and became a prisoner of war.
•
July 10 A second bombardment of Santiago, which
severely battered Morro Castle.
July 11 General Miles joined the American Army before
Santiago and conferred wth General Shafter as to the means
for reducing the city
July 17 After the expiration of two periods of truce General
Toral surrendered Santiago and eastern province of Cuba to
General Shafter.
July 20 General Leonard Wood was appointed Military
Governor of Santiago, and entered upon his duties by feeding
the hungry, clothing the destitute and cleaning the city.
July 21 The harbor of Nipe was entered by four gunboats,
which, after an hours' fierce bombardment, captured the port.
July 25 General Miles, with 8,000 men, after a voyage of
three days, landed at Guánica, Puerto Rico. He immediately
began his march towards Ponce, which surrendered on the
28th.
July 26 The French Ambassador at Washington, Jules
Cambon, acting for Spain, asked the President upon what
terms he would treat for peace.
Peace Treaty
• Hostilities were halted on August 12, 1898, with the
signing in Washington of a Protocol of Peace between
the United States and Spain. The formal peace treaty
was signed in Paris on December 10, 1898, and ratified
by the United States Senate on February 6, 1899. It
came into force on April 11, 1899. Cubans participated
only as observers.
• The United States gained the Philippines, Guam, and
Puerto Rico. Cuba was occupied as of July 17, 1898,
and thus under the jurisdiction of the United States
Military Government. It formed its own civil government
and attained independence on May 20, 1902. However,
the United States imposed various restrictions on the
new government, including prohibiting alliances with
other countries, and reserved for itself the right of
intervention. (Platt Amendment) The US also
established a perpetual lease of Guantanamo Bay.
The Treaty of Paris: 1898
 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
 Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of
Guam.
 The U. S. paid Spain
$20 mil. for the
Philippines.
 The U. S. becomes an
imperial power!
The American Anti-Imperialist
League
 Founded in 1899.
 Mark Twain, Andrew
Carnegie, William
James, and William
Jennings Bryan among
the leaders.
 Campaigned against the
annexation of the
Philippines and other
acts of imperialism.
• Results of Spanish-American War
• 1. 385 American battle deaths (1/20th the number
lost at Gettysburg) 2. Several thousand deaths from
disease and poisoned meat
• 3. Cost: $250,000,000
• 4. U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippine
Islands (100,000 sq. miles, 10 million people) for $20
million
• 5. Anti-Imperialists angered by anti-democratic
aspects of imperialist efforts
• 6. Teller Amendment pledged that U.S. would
guarantee self-rule to Cubans
• 7. Platt Amendment restricted Cuban foreign policies
and gave U.S. land for coaling or naval stations
• Source: Feldmeth, Greg D. "U.S. History Resources"
Is He To Be a Despot?
Philippines
• Annexed and ruled directly by United States
• Filipinos resented American occupation
• The Philippine–American War (1899 - 1902)
was an armed military conflict between the
United States and the Philippines against U.S.
annexation of the Islands.
Over one million Filipino
civilians perished in this war.
Emilio Aguinaldo
 Leader of the Filipino
Uprising-had 70,000 men
under his command
war lasted from 1899-1902
 July 4, 1946:
Philippine independence
The more frustrating the campaign became, the more
frequently the Americans crossed the line separating
the harsh reprisals sanctioned by General Order 100
from such crimes of war as torture and wanton
destruction."
William H. Taft, 1st
Gov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator.
Under U. S. Rule
•
•
•
•
•
A system of education was established
Health and sanitation programs
U. S. capital helped agriculture
Gradual self government
This included the meeting of a Philippine
Assembly in 1907
Philippines
• Jones Act of 1916-they received the right to
elect both houses and were promised eventual
independence
• Why did U. S. support Filipino independence?
• 1. we realized how much the wanted
independence
• 2. American wanted to halt influx of immigrants
• 3. wanted to end federal spending
• Location made it difficult to be responsible for
defense
Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934
• This act offered independence after a
determined period-empowered the Filipinos to
write a constitution
• In 1946-Philippines formally received
independence-and formed a tariff agreement
• In 1947 Philippines granted U.S. military bases
• In 1965 things began to change with Marcos
• On February 25, 1986, Ferdinand Marcos
and his family fled to Hawaii after his
regime was toppled by the four-day
People Power Revolution in EDSA.
Marcos was succeeded by Corazon C.
Aquino, widow of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
Marcos' foremost political rival who was
assassinated during his return to the
Philippines after years of political exile in
1983 at the Manila International Airport.
• After the Marcos family fled Malacañang Palace,
Imelda was found to have left behind 15 mink
coats, 508 gowns, 888 handbags and 1060 pairs
of shoes. In February 2006, Imelda insisted that
Ferdinand Marcos acquired his wealth
legitimately as a gold trader
• During his 20-year reign as president of the
Philippines, Ferdinand Marcos was estimated to
have stolen up to $US10 billion from his country,
which he squirreled into overseas bank
accounts. His regime imprisoned between
17,000 and 30,000 people..
Our “Sphere of Influence”
Cuban Independence?
Senator
Orville Platt
Platt Amendment (1903)
1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with
foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if
necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for
naval and coaling station.
4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Puerto Rico: 1898
 1900 - Foraker Act.
In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, which established the
governing structure for Puerto Rico. An American-appointed governor was
to be the executive officer of the island and he was to be advised by a twohouse legislature. The lower house was to be popularly elected, but the
upper chamber was to be selected in the United States.
 1901-1903  the Insular Cases.
full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all areas under
American control.
Jones Act 1917 U. S.
citizenship and
The right to elect both
houses
Puerto Rico
• In 1950 Puerto Rico received self
governing Commonwealth status• They are U. S. citizens-do not vote for
president or pay a federal income tax.
Panama: The King’s Crown
1850  Clayton-Bulwer
Treaty.
1901  Hay-Paunceforte
Treaty-with Britian
DeLessep offered to sell
franshise
Hay Herran TreatyColombia-not ratified
 Philippe Bunau-Varilla,
agent provocateur.
 Dr. Walter Reed.
 Colonel W. Goethals.
 1903  Hay-BunauVarilla Treaty.
Panama Canal
TR in Panama
(Construction begins in
1904)
Culebra Cut 1898
A Steam Shovel at Work
1977
Torrijos-Carter Treaties
1977
• The first treaty is officially titled The Treaty
Concerning the Permanent Neutrality and
Operation of the Panama Canal and is
commonly known as the Neutrality Treaty. Under
this treaty, the U.S. retained the permanent right
to defend the canal from any threat that might
interfere with its continued neutral service to
ships of all nations. The second treaty is titled
The Panama Canal Treaty, and provided that as
from 12:00 on December 31,1999, Panama
would assume full control of canal operations
and become primarily responsible for its
defense.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may
in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require
intervention by some
civilized nation, and in the
Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United
States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the
United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant
cases of such wrongdoing
or impotence, to the
exercise of an
international police power .
• Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine
asserted the right of the United States to
intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of
small states in the Caribbean and Central
America if they were unable to pay their
international debts. The alternative was
intervention by European powers, especially
Britain and Germany, which loaned money to the
countries that did not repay. The catalyst of the
new policy was Germany's aggressiveness in
the Venezuela (Wikipedia)
Big Stick Policy
Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act,
1887
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
 “55 Days at Peking.”
Hay urged that China pay not be
territory but by paying a monetary
indemnity
The
Open Door
Policy
The Open Door Policy
 Secretary John Hay.
 Give all nations equal
access to trade in China.
 Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken
over by any one foreign power.
The Cares of a Growing Family
Speak Softly,
But Carry a Big Stick!
Constable of the World
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy
The Great White Fleet: 1907
• The "Great White Fleet" sent around the
world by President Theodore Roosevelt
from 16 December 1907 to 22 February
1909 consisted of sixteen new battleships
of the Atlantic Fleet. The battleships were
painted white except for gilded scrollwork
on their bows. The Atlantic Fleet
battleships only later came to be known as
the "Great White Fleet."
Photo from deck of ship. The
Yosemite is alongside and full of
people. Lots of women on its deck.
Postmarked July 7th from San
Francisco.
Taft’s “Dollar
Diplomacy”
 Improve financial
opportunities for American
businesses.
 Use private capital to
further U. S. interests
overseas.
 Therefore, the U.S.
should create stability and
order abroad that would
best promote America’s
commercial interests.
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
 Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico
and puts Madero in prison where he was
murdered.
 Wilson’s policy will be Watchful Waiting
 Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano
Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against
Huerta.
 Huerta arrested a small force of American sailors
at Tampico
 The U.S. also got involved by occupying
Veracruz and demanding an apology-ABC powers
come in to mediate
 and Huerta fled the country.
 Eventually Carranza would gain power in
Mexico but can’t maintain order
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Venustiano Carranza
Pancho Villa
Porfirio Diaz
Francisco I Madero
Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. should
be the conscience
of the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.
Searching for Banditos
 Villa killed 17 persons in Columbus, New
Mexico
 General John J. Pershing with Pancho
Villa in 1914.
U. S. Global Investments &
Investments in Latin America, 1914
U. S. Interventions in
Latin America: 1898-1920s
One of the “Boys?”
America as a Pacific Power
What the U. S. Has Fought For