BONES OF THE KNEE
4 bones in the
tibiofemoral joint
 Tibia
 Femur
 Fibula
 Patella
TIBIA
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“Shin” bone
Major weight bearing bone
in the body.
Named after a Greek aulos
flute
Parts to know:
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Medial Condyle
Medial Tibial Plateau
Lateral Condyle
Lateral Tibial Plateau
Intercondylar Eminence
Tibial Tuberosity
Gerdy’s Tubercle
Shaft of the Tibia
Anterior Crest
Medial Malleolus
Fibular Notch
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Anterior View
Posterior View
FEMUR
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“Thigh” bone
Strongest bone in the body.
Longest bone in the body.
Parts to know:
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Greater Trochanter
Head of the Femur
Neck of the Femur
Lesser Trochanter
Shaft of the Femur
Linea Aspera
Lateral Condyle of the Femur
Lateral Epicondyle of the Femur
Medial Condyle of the Femur
Medial Epicondyle of the Femur
Patellar Surface
Popliteal Surface
Intercondylar Fossa
Anterior view Posterior view
PATELLA
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Largest sesamoid
bone in the body.
Enclosed in
quadriceps femoris
tendon.
Illustration is of the
right patella
Parts to know:
Base
Apex
Medial Facet
Lateral Facet
LIGAMENTS AND CARTILAGE OF THE KNEE
Ligaments of the Knee
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament
(ACL)
• Posterior Cruciate Ligament
(PCL)
• Medial Collateral Ligament
(MCL)
• Lateral Collateral Ligament
(LCL)
Meniscus of the Knee
• Medial Meniscus
• Lateral Meniscus
RANGE OF MOTION
Flexion
Extension
Medial Rotation
Lateral Rotation
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE
Rectus Femoris
• Origin
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Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
(AIIS)
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Insertion
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Tibial Tuberosity via the
patellar tendon
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Action
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Extend the knee
Flex the hip
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE
Vastus Lateralis
• Origin
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Lateral lip of linea aspera,
gluteal tuberosity, and
greater trochanter.
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Insertion
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Tibial Tuberosity via the patellar
tendon.
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Action
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Extend the knee.
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE
Vastus Intermedius
• Origin
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Anterior and lateral shaft
of the femur.
• Insertion
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Tibial Tuberosity via the
patellar tendon.
• Action
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Extend the knee.
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE
Vastus Medialis
• Origin
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Medial lip of the linea
aspera.
• Insertion
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Tibial tuberosity via the
patellar tendon.
• Action
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Extend the knee.
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE
Semimembranosus
• Origin
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Ischial tuberosity.
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Insertion
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Posterior aspect of medial
condyle of tibia.
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Action
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Flex the knee
Medially rotate the flexed knee
Extend the hip
Assist in medially rotating the hip
Tilt the pelvis posteriorly
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE
Semitendinosus
• Origin
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Ischial tuberosity.
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Insertion
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Proximal, medial shaft of the
tibia at pes anserinus.
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Action
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Flex the knee
Medially rotate the flexed knee
Extend the hip
Assist to medially rotate the hip
Tilt the pelvis posteriorly
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE
Biceps Femoris
• Origin
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Long head: Ischial tuberosity.
Short head: Lateral lip of the linea
aspera.
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Insertion
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Head of the fibula.
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Action
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Flex the knee
Laterally rotate the flexed knee
Long head: extend the hip
Long head: Assist to laterally rotate
the hip
Tilt the pelvis posteriorly
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MUSCLES OF THE KNEE
Sartorius
• Origin
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Anterior Superior Iliac
(ASIS)
Spine
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Insertion
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Proximal, medial shaft of the tibia at
the pes anserinus
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Action
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Flex the hip
Laterally rotate the hip
Abduct the hip
Flex the knee
Medially rotate the flexed knee
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE
Sartorius (posterior view)
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE
Gracilis
• Origin
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Inferior ramus of the pubis
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Insertion
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Proximal, medial shaft of the
tibia at pes anserinus
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Action
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Adduct hip
Medially rotate hip
Flex the knee
Medially rotate the flexed knee
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE
Popliteus
• Origin
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Lateral condyle of the
femur
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Insertion
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Proximal, posterior aspect
of the tibia
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Action
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Medially rotate the flexed
knee
Flex the knee
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE
Gastrocnemius
• Origin
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Condyles of the femur,
posterior surfaces
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Insertion
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Calcaneus via the Achilles
tendon
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Action
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Flex the knee
Plantar flex the ankle
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE
Plantaris
• Origin
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Lateral supracondylar line
of the femur.
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Insertion
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Calcaneus via the Achilles
tendon
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Action
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Plantar flexion of the ankle
Flexion of the knee
MUSCLES OF THE KNEE
Tensor Fascia Latae and the
Iliotibial Band
• Origin
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Iliac crest, posterior to the
ASIS
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Insertion
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Iliotibial tract (which then
inserts on the tibial tubercle on
the lateral aspect of the
proximal tibia)
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Action
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Flex the hip
Medially rotate the hip
Abduct the hip
ASSESSMENT TESTS
Valgus Test
Varus Test
Anterior Drawer
Lachman’s Test
Posterior Drawer Test
Godfrey’s
Test/Posterior Sag
Test
McMurray’s Test
Apley’s Compression
Test
Apley’s Distraction
Test
Patellar
Apprehension Test
Patellar Grind
Test/Clarke’s Sign
KNEE INJURIES & CONDITIONS
Ligament Sprain
MCL
LCL
ACL
PCL
Jumper’s Knee
Osgood-Schlatter Disorder
Quadriceps Strain
Hamstrings Strain
Patellar
Subluxation/Dislocation
Chondromalacia patella
Meniscal Injuries
Bursitis
Iliotibial Band Friction
Syndrome
Osteochondritis Dissecans
MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT SPRAIN
Etiology
MCL Injury
Pathology
Treatment
LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT SPRAIN
Etiology
LCL Injury
Pathology
Treatment
ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT SPRAIN
Etiology
ACL Injury
Pathology
Treatment
POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT SPRAIN
Etiology
PCL Injury
Pathology
Treatment
JUMPER’S KNEE (PATELLAR TENDINITIS)
Etiology
Pathology
Treatment
PATELLA TENDON RUPTURE
Etiology
Patella Tendon
Rupture Injury
Pathology
Treatment
OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE/SHINDING-LARSENJOHANSSON DISEASE
Etiology
Pathology
Treatment
QUADRICEPS STRAIN
Etiology
Quad injury
Pathology
Treatment
HAMSTRINGS STRAIN
Etiology
Hamstring Injury
Pathology
Treatment
PATELLAR SUBLUXATION/DISLOCATION
Etiology
Patellar
Dislocation
Pathology
Treatment
Patellar
Reduction
CHONDROMALACIA PATELLA
Etiology
Pathology
Treatment
MENISCAL INJURIES
Etiology
Pathology
Treatment
BURSITIS
Etiology
Pathology
Treatment
RUNNER’S KNEE – ILIOTIBIAL BAND FRICTION SYNDROME
Etiology
Ober’s Test
Pathology
Treatment
OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS
Etiology
Pathology
Treatment
FOR YOUR QUIZ
Students should be able to:
• Label the parts of the bones for the knee joint including the femur, tibia,
patella and fibula.
• Label the muscles that are involved with the knee joint.
• Label the ligament and meniscal structures of the knee.
• Identify the different knee assessment tests and what they are used for.
• Identify the different knee injuries and conditions and be able to define
them.
• Identify the different bones and their respective parts on the models of the
bones.