CHEMISTRY
2012-13
Semester 2
2/14/13
• Entry Task
• Calculate the calories if 100 grams of water is
heated 5 degrees Celsius.
• How many Calories is that?
2/19/13
• Entry Task
• Free Day!
2/20/13
• Entry Task
• How does a calorimeter work? Explain your
answer in terms of calories, Calories, and
temperature of the water before and after
burning.
• Conduct our lab!! Everyone fill out the data
sheet.
2/21/13
• Entry Task
• Identify and explain how and where thermal
energy is being transferred in your
calorimeter. Explain your answer in terms of
convection, conduction, radiation, absorption,
and reflection.
• http://science.yourdictionary.com
2/22/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task papers!!
2/25/13
• Entry Task
• What is the boiling point of a substance? Use
water as an example.
• Review and turn in thermodynamics lab.
• Read pages 265-267. Answer questions 14-18
on page 267.
2/26/13
• Entry Task
• Look at the graphs on page 269. What
happens to the temperature while ice is
melting or water is boiling?
• Read pages 267 to 270. Answer questions 1922 on page 270.
2/27/13
• Entry Task
• How do scientific ideas change over time?
What influences the ideas?
Discuss Answers
• Scientists make predictions, conduct tests and
share their results.
• Some of the predictions have evidence to be
correct and others have evidence to be
incorrect.
• Other scientists consider the results and
conduct other tests and share those results.
• Over a long number of years, the knowledge
grows and changes.
Take Notes!
• You will be making a timeline from the information
in this movie.
• NOTES:
– WHO - people,
– WHAT - contributions to scientific ideas AND political
issues/ gender constraints of the era
– WHERE - country where they conducted their work,
– WHEN - YEAR(s) of effort
– WHY – why was this discovery important?
2/28/13
• Entry Task
• What is a TIMELINE?
Discuss Answers
• A timeline is a graphic representation of the passage
of time as a line. Either vertical like facebook or
horizontal…
• EXAMPLE
• http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zr2MhuoWfg/T6BQf69mDLI/AAAAAAAACmk/l_QQlVJsis/s1600/Timeline_Inventions.jpg
• Often, past on the left…current on the right.
• Remember the spaces on the timeline should be
even. For example if you want to span 200 years over
10 inches, every inch would be 20 years.
3/1/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task sheets!
3/4/13
• Entry Task
• List THREE interesting people and their
discoveries from the movie last week.
Today’s Work
•
•
•
•
Complete movie.
Discuss notes.
Set up timeline.
Complete your timeline with your partner.
– 1812 – Michael Faraday, electricity/magnetism, London, only gentleman are
scientists
– 1885 Einstein as a child
– 1771 – Antoine Lavoisier, France, Conservation of Mass, French Revolution, he
gets guillotine—disliked tax collector
– 1897 Einstein in high school, poor student, fascinated by light
– 1846 – Faraday realizes electricity and magnetism are connected, invents
electric motor, names the “invisible light” electromagnetism
– 1722- Emilie du Chatalay, France, before her time, translated Newton’s
principia and realized he had made an error, velocity should be squared, fell in
love with poet Voltaire, died at 43
– 1905 – Einstein’s miracle year, Germany, 5 papers, including E=mc2 in 3 pages
– 1919 – Fame finds Einstein and he divorces Mileva, marries cousin
– 1907 – Berlin, Germany; Lisa Meitner becomes first professor (1912)of physics
– 1920-30 “Golden Age of Nuclear Research”
– 1930’s – Nazis drive out Jewish intellectuals; Einstein leaves in 1933; Meitner
barely escapes in 1938
– 1938 – Sweden, Robert Frisch (nephew) and Meitner “split the atom”
realizing that lost mass is converted directly to energy during nuclear fission
– 1942 Manhattan Project in US; bombs contain only a couple pounds of
Uranium and Plutonium
Gaps in your Notes
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/ance
stors-einstein.html
• TIMELINE SCALE:
• 1 inch = 20 years
• ½ inch = 10 years
• ¼ inch = 5 years
• TIMESPAN: 1722-1942
3/5/13
• Entry Task
• Give a detailed example of how society
influences science and technology and vice
versa.
• Finish movie
• Add detail and color to timelines
3/6/13
• Entry Task
• How did Einstein’s big ideas build on Faraday,
Maxwell, Lavoisier and du Chatelier/Leibnitz?
• Also, where do you think physics and
chemistry crossover?
3/7/13
• Entry Task
• Based on what you know of kinetic energy of
molecules, will cold water or warm water have
more dissolved oxygen?
Today’s Work
• We will test the dissolved oxygen content in
tap water OR fishtank water (your choice!)
• Follow the instructions in the test kit.
– Natosha – materials supervisor and reader of test
instructions
– Krista – data recorder
– Justin and Briana - technicians
• Put everything away for TOMORROW!
3/11/13
• Entry Task
• What does pH tell you about the fluid?
• Find an answer in the textbook!
Today’s Work
• Complete a pH test.
• Complete two more oxygen replicates
• SET UP – 3 testing places at back tables for 7th
graders to do pH, nitrate and turbidity tests.
• If time, complete a nitrate test and turbidity
test.
Answers
• pH stands strength of hydrogen.
• Numbers closer to 14 mean more BASIC or
alkaline.
• Numbers closer to 0 mean more ACIDIC.
• Acid is between 0 and 6.9
• Neutral 7
• Basic is between 7.1 and 14.
3/12/13
• Entry Task
• What is happening when we add 8 drops of
Manganous Sulfate Solution and 8 drops of
Alkaline Potassium Iodide to the water sample?
• Read http://bit.ly/16ozZNS
• Finish DO test.
• Conduct turbidity, nitrate and pH tests.
3/13/13
• Entry Task
• What does the turbidity test tell you about our river water?
• Read and discuss packet on water quality parameters.
• To Turn in: for each of the parameters (DO, BOD, pH,
turbidity and nitrates) discuss IN WRITING the apparent
health of our river by comparing it to the optimal values
given in the text.
• WATCH MOVIE!!
3/14/13
• Entry Task
• In the dissolved oxygen test, what chemistry is happening
when the solution turns from yellow to clear?
• ANSWER: The thiosulfate molecule then reacts with any
I2 present.
• 2S2O32- + I2 = 2S4O 62- + 2 I• When the iodine (I2) molecules react, they break up into Iions which are colorless.
• How does this help us know how many O2 molecules there
are?
• ANSWER: tells us that 4 molecules of the Sodium
Thiosulfate are required to change the color resulting from
one molecule of O2 in the original water
Today’s Work
• One person – complete 3rd and 4th DO test
• One person – complete BOD tests (3 trials)
• One person – calculate averages and compile
the data onto the master sheet.
• THIS DATA IS DUE TO THE Chehalis Basin
Education Consortium TODAY!!!
3/15/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task sheets!
Today’s Work
• Find master data sheet on CBEC website
• Transfer all data and averages to master sheet
• Complete the essay:
ESSAY about our river data…
• For each of the parameters (DO, pH, turbidity
and nitrates) discuss IN WRITING the apparent
health of our river by comparing it to the
optimal values given in the text.
• Explain how much higher or lower it is than
optimal.
• Explain whether you think this is a good thing,
bad thing, or just fine.
• Check with Ms. Maring when you think you’re
done.
3/18/13
• Entry Task
• What do you know about balancing chemical
equations?
• Is this equation balanced?
• 2Na + H2O 2NaOH + H2
Today’s Work
•
•
•
•
Read pages 207-210.
Answer #13 or 14 Questions on page 211.
Practice balancing equations at
http://education.jlab.org/elementbalancing/
3/19/13
• Entry Task
• Cl2 + NaBr
Br2 + NaCl
• Is this equation balanced?
• If not, please balance it!!
1
3/20/13
• Entry Task
• Is this equation balanced?
CH5N
+
11O2
→
CO
+
10H2
O
+
NO2
• YES
• Next time, I’ll count atoms before I start balancing!!
• If not, please balance it.
Today’s Work
• Complete balancing chem equations
assignment.
• Work on any missing work.
• Start studying for quiz:
– Thermodynamics/Calorimeter
– History of e=mc2
– Water Quality Testing
– Balancing Equations
3/21/13
• Entry Task
• Write your first Jeopardy Q and A for the
upcoming quiz.
• TOPICS
–
–
–
–
Thermodynamics/Calorimeter
History of e=mc2
Water Quality Testing
Balancing Equations
• Today’s Work – complete 15 Jeopardy Q and A.
3/25/13
• Entry Task
• Give one…what do you know about:
– Thermodynamics/Calorimeter
– History of e=mc2
– Water Quality Testing
– Balancing Equations
• Call things out…write them down.
3/26/13
• Entry Task
• For which portion of the test categories do
you feel least prepared?
– Thermodynamics/Calorimeter
– History of e=mc2
– Water Quality Testing
– Balancing Equations
•
History of E=mc2
• How did Einstein’s big ideas build on Faraday, Maxwell, Lavoisier and du
Chatelier/Leibnitz?
• Faraday discovered the interaction of electricity
and magnetism and made an electric motor.
• Maxwell figured out speed of light
• Lavoisier figured out conservation of mass.
• Einstein used the above 3 discoveries so that
ENERGY becomes MASS at the speed of light
squared.
• Du Chatelier figured out that speed had to be
squared.
Water Quality
• What does the turbidity test tell you about our river
water?
• ANSWER: It tells us how much suspended (floating)
solid material is in the water. Low turbidity is good
because less dirt for gills and more light for plants.
• What does the dissolved oxygen test tell us about our
river water?
• ANSWER: How much oxygen is dissolved in the water.
If the water is warmer, there will be less oxygen
because the kinetic energy of the molecules is
increased and the oxygen will bounce out!
Balancing Equations
• How would you know when an equation is
balanced? USE words REACTANTS and
PRODUCTS in your answer.
• When there is the same NUMBER OF
REACTANT ATOMS as there are NUMBER OF
PRODUCT ATOMS
• Is this equation balanced? NO, not enough H’s
• 2Na + H2O 2NaOH + H2
• BALANCED: 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
Calorimetry
• QUESTION:How does a calorimeter work? Explain your
answer in terms of calories, Calories, and temperature
of the water before and after burning.
• ANSWERS:
• A calorimeter measure how many calories are in food.
• We measured the mass burned and measured change
in temperature of the water. The heat of burning
transferred to the water and thus we can calculate
calories of the burned food.
• 1000 calories = 1 Calorie (Kcal or kilocalorie)
• 1 calorie is the amount of energy needed to heat 1
gram of water 1 degree celsius.
3/27/13
• Entry Task
• Can you recall the 2 laws of Thermodynamics
we’ve studied??
Which leads us to two important LAWS:
• The First law of thermodynamics.
– It states that energy cannot be created or destroyed – it can
only change forms.
– Also called “Law of Conservation of Energy.”
– First proposed by a German medical doctor, Julius Robert
von Mayer in 1842. He did not get much credit for his idea.
– In 1844, James Joule comes to same conclusion and he gets
credit because he is established in the scientific community.
(Unit of energy named a Joule)
The 2ND law of thermodynamics.
• It states that energy in a system spreads out
if it can. It moves from hot to cold.
• Heat never flows from cold to hot.
• Also called “Law of Entropy”. Entropy can
loosely be called the disorder of energy in a
system. (Energy that is NOT available for
useful work.)
• AKA: Everything gets cold and falls apart
4/8/13
• Entry Task
• Does anyone know what a MOLE is? In
Chemistry!?
ANSWERS
• 6.02 x 1023
• Avogadro’s Number
• ANALOGY: a dozen. How many eggs in a
dozen? How many chickens is a dozen
chickens? Houses? People?
• A mole is 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules of
any substance.
Today’s Work
• Watch 2 videos and take notes:
http://www.kentchemistry.com/moviesfiles/c
hemguy/advanced/ChemguyMole.htm
• Read about it and do some practice problems:
• “The Mole” on pages 179-184. Answer
questions 16, 17 and 18.
4/9/13
• Entry Task
• What is the mass in grams of 2 moles of H
atoms? Show your work!
• “The Mole” on pages 179-184. Answer
questions 16, 17 and 18.
• “Moles and Formula Units on pages 184-186.
Answer questions 22-27 on page 186.
• “the Mathematics of Chemical Equations” on
pages 239-243…Answer review questions 6-11
on page 243.
4/10/13
• Entry Task
• What is the mass of 1 mole of H2O? Show
your work!
4/11/13
• Entry Task
• For the following equation:
• 6CO2+6H2O —> C6H12O6+6O2
• If it starts with 12 moles of CO2, how many moles of C6H12O6
will be produced?
4/12/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task sheets!!
• Turn in all homework!!
4/15/13
• Entry Task
• What does STOICHIOMETRY mean? The ratios in
a balanced chemical equation and everything you
can mathematically calculate from that.
• #10 from practice problems…
• Conduct Lab – goggles and aprons
4/16/13
• Entry Task
• From the lab sheet, what is the mole ratio of
iron to copper?
• Will the gram masses be in the same ratio?
Why or why not?
• Answer analysis and questions – turn in lab
More Mole Practice…
• A little more practice today and tomorrow for
quiz on Thursday!
4/17/13
• Entry Task
• How many grams per mole of CH4 ?
• How many moles in 21.6 grams of CH4?
• How many molecules are there in 21.6 grams of
CH4?
• Finish lab questions
• More mole math practice worksheets
4/18/13
• Entry Task
• Freebie!
• What else can we do without Justin here?
4/19/13
• Entry Task
• NONE!
• Please turn in your entry task sheet.
• QUIZ – TO GET ALL POINTS,
• SHOW YOUR WORK
4/22/13
• Entry Task
• Get out resources to finish quiz
•
•
•
•
20 minutes – finish quiz.
Grade Mole Practice - peer trade and grade
Next Topic: Behavior of Gases
Read pages 297- 302 and answer Q# 4,5,6,7,8
4/23/13
• Entry Task
• If a sample of gas is in an air tight cylinder
with a moveable piston, what would happen
to the pressure if you pushed on the piston?
• ANSWER: the volume decreases as pressure
increases!
•
4/24/13
• Entry Task
• Restate Boyle’s Law.
• What is Charles’ Law?
•
•
•
•
Finish Yesterday’s assignment.
Today’s work:
Read pages 303-307 and answer Q 10,11,13,15,18,19
Start lab on Gas Laws.
Gas Laws
• Boyle’s Law – a gas’s volume is inversely
proportional to its pressure at a constant
temperature (T does not change).
• Charles’ Law – The volume of a gas is directly
proportional to its Kelvin Temp at a constant
pressure.
4/25/13
• Entry Task
• In terms of kinetic energy, what happens to
the molecules when the temperature is
increased? How does this affect the internal
pressure of the gas? How does this affect the
external pressure of the surrounding?
TODAY’S WORK
• Finish yesterday’s book assignment.
• Today test Boyle’s and Charles’s Law
• Read about the relationship between Temp
and Pressure pages 310 and answer Q #20 and
21.
• Read http://physics.info/gas-laws/ to combine
the 3 gas laws into one!
• Do Q #24 AND 25 ON PAGE 313.
4/26/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task sheets!!
• Start and Finish gas lab today…
4/29/13
• Entry Task
• Calculate your quiz percentage.
• EVERYONE fix quizzes! What happened?
• Turn in your HW – completed graphs of pressure
vs volume.
• Next Graph – change y-axis to inverse of weight.
4/30/13
• Entry Task
• Do you expect a plot of volume vs temperature to be linear
or curved? Why?
• ANSWER: Linear because they both increase or decrease at
the same time and are DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL!
•
•
•
•
Turn in your HW – completed graphs of pressure vs volume.
Next Graph – change y-axis to inverse of weight.
Complete Charles’s Law portion of lab
Graph results: temperature vs volume
5/1/13
• Entry Task
• What is the ideal gas law?
• What do each of the variables stand for?
• Finish Charles’s Law portion of lab – Turn in
graphs.
• Read pages 322-324 and 326-328. Answer Q 40,
42, 43 on page 328
5/2/13
• Entry Task
• Explain which portions of the Gas Laws you
understand the best…the least.
• Quiz on Monday!
• Read pages 322-324 and 326-328. Answer Q
40, 42, 43 on page 328
5/3/13
• Entry Task
• Say Something Nice
• Turn in your entry task sheets!
• Read pages 322-324 and 326-328. Answer Q 40,
42, 43 on page 328
• Chapter Review – pages 330-331,
#4,6,8,9,10,12,13,16,24
5/6/13
• Entry Task
• A quantity of gas has a volume of 120 dm3 when
under a pressure of 93.3 kPa and a temperature
of 20 C. At what pressure will the volume of gas
be 30 dm3 when the temperature remains 20 C.
• Chapter Review – pages 330-331,
#4,6,8,9,10,12,13,16,24
5/7/13
• Entry Task
• Sub
5/8/13
• Entry Task
• None – get back papers and put in order for
quiz.
Work re. Gas Laws
• Read pages 297- 302 and answer Q# 4,5,6,7,8
• Read pages 303-307 and answer Q
10,11,13,15,18,19
• Read about the relationship between Temp
and Pressure pages 310 and answer Q #20 and
21.
• Read pages 322-324 and 326-328. Answer Q
40, 42, 43 on page 328
• Chapter Review – pages 330-331,
#4,6,8,9,10,12,13,16,24
5/13/13
• Entry Task
• What is a solution?
• Write down everything you know about
solutions.
• Today: Notes from
http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env211/lesson
8.htm
5/14/13
• Entry Task
• Name the solvent and solute in ocean water.
Please name the actual elements involved!
Today’s Work
• Watch solutions video.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGopZLMcVJ
A
• Skim pages 434-440.
• Solutions problems from book.
• Page 436 # 3 and 6.
• Page 440 # 8, 9, 11
• Tomorrow – start solutions lab!
5/15/13
• Entry Task
• What is a cation? What is an anion?
• In a battery (or electrolysis set up), what
occurs at the anode and what occurs at the
cathode?
• To which one do each of the ions travel?
5/16/13
• Entry Task
5/17/13
• Entry Task – none - substitute
5/20/13
• Entry Task
• Watch the animation:
http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1
111/animations/dissolve.html
• Summarize how salt dissolves in water. You may
use sentences or a graphic organizer.
• Discuss questions from Friday: Read pages 627634 and answer Review Q #5-14 various pages.
Electrolysis with Salt Water
• Conduct Lab
• Answer questions on lab sheet.
• http://chemteacher.chemeddl.org/services/ch
emteacher/index.php?option=com_garyscook
book&func=print&id=10&pop=1
5/21/13
• Entry Task
• Would you say the following statement is
TRUE or FALSE and why?
• “Electrons can flow through solutions and that
is why saltwater is more conductive than pure
water.”
FALSE
• Loose electrons do not leave the wire and flow
through the solution.
• The dissolved solute, or ions, carry the charge
through the solution and that is why solutions
are conductive!
• In “conduction of electricity” through
• solutions, electrons themselves do not pass
through the solutions. Rather, charge balance
is
• maintained in the solution by movement of
cations and anions toward the electrodes
where charge
• transfer takes place at the solution interface.
Today’s Work – take notes
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9LxdqYnt
lU
• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemi
stry/states-of-matter/v/boiling-pointelevation-and-freezing-pointsupression?v=z9LxdqYntlU
5/22/13
• Entry Task
• Do you think saltwater would freeze and boil
at the same temperature as pure water? Why
or why not?
Colligative Properties Lab
• Investigative Question: How does a solute affect the
boiling point of a solution?
• Hypothesis:
• Watch video of lab:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTt16CB4B1s
• Take notes as our PROCEDURE.
• Set up for lab: gather materials and design data table.
• Conduct Lab.
• Collect Data.
• Write a conclusion using data.
5/23/13
• Entry Task
• What is the formula for molality?
• Please turn in your entry task sheets
5/28/13
• Entry Task
• What is the manipulated variable in our
colligative properties lab?
• What is the responding variable?
• Finish writing down the procedure.
• Design a data table to record your
measurements.
Answers
• MV – adding solute to the solvent
• RV – boiling point of solution
5/29/13
• Entry Task
• Summarize boiling point elevation and
freezing point depression.
Answers
• Boiling point elevation: Because of a solute
added to a solvent, in other words increased
molality, the boiling point temperature will be
higher than the pure liquid.
• Freezing point depression: the freezing point
temperature decreases because of adding a
solute to a solvent, increased molality, the
freezing point will be lower than the pure
liquid.
Today’s Work
• Analyze your data by calculating averages.
• Write a conclusion using data.
• Design an investigation to test freezing point
depression.
• What solutes would you use?
• Methods of testing?
5/30/13
• Entry Task
• What would the molality of a solution be with
10 grams of NaCl and 150 milliliters of water?
Today’s Work
• Design an investigation to test freezing point
depression.
• What solutes would you use?
• Methods of testing?
• Build a volcano!!!!
5/31/13
• Entry task
• Say Something Nice
• Please turn in your entry task sheets.