MGTO 234
Managerial Leadership
Group Project
Presentation Outline
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Biography
Accomplishment
Personal Attribute
Leadership Style
Situational Circumstances
Continuing success as a leader
Comment
Biography
Biography
Clinton, William Jefferson
Presidential Number: 42nd
Years he was President: 1993-2001
State Represented: Arkansas
Party Affiliation: Democrat
Wife: Hillary Clinton
Public Figure:
The youngest President in the US
Political Path of Bill Clinton
Arkansas'
Attorney
1976
Political
defeat
1978
Arkansas'
Governor
1980-1982
US
President
1982-1992
Regained the
governorship
1993-2001
Education & Occupations
Education:
• Graduated from Georgetown
University (1968)
• Attended Oxford University
(1968-70)
• Graduated from Yale University
Law School (1973)
Occupations before
Presidency:
• Lawyer, law professor, State
Attorney
Accomplishment
Accomplishments
Before Presidency:
•
teachers’ salaries
• Required teacher
competency exams
• Made admission to
high school
conditionally
Accomplishments
Before Presidency:
• Expanded Head Start programs
• Approved home-schooling alternatives
• Rated the most effective governor in the
country by his colleagues
Accomplishments
During Presidency:
• Proposed the first
balanced budget in
decades
• Achieved a budget
surplus
• State income
61%
Accomplishments
During Presidency:
• Enacted a welfare reform program
•
unemployment rate
•
inflation rate to the lowest in 30 years
• Had the highest home ownership in the
country's history
Accomplishments
During Presidency:
• crime rates in many places
• the deficit and welfare roles
• Called for a great national
initiative to end racial
discrimination
• Launched worldwide
campaign against drug
trafficking
Accomplishments
During Presidency:
• Dispatched peace keeping
forces to war-torn Bosnia and
bombed Iraq when Saddam
Hussein stopped United
Nations inspections for
evidence of nuclear, chemical,
and biological weapons
• Opened more international
trade
• Became a global proponent for
an expanded NATO
Personal Attributes
Personal Attributes
•
•
•
•
•
Epochal and unconventional attributes
Used visioning and persuasive appeals
Respected everyone
Admirable and charismatic
Consulted with the others
Epochal and Unconventional
Attributes
• Before Presidency:
– competency exams to
teachers and
– standardized exams to
students entering high
school
• Results:
- The highest high-school graduation rate
- Substantial increase in the percentage of college
admission of the State
Using Visioning &
Persuasive Appeals
• In 1992, his presidential
campaign:
• participated in town meetings
• toured the country by bus
• Answered questions on
television talk
• Result:
- won the presidency with 43% of the votes
http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/42pclin.html
Showing Respect to Everyone
• Appointed women and minorities
to prominent government
positions
• Appointed two members to the
U.S. Supreme Court, which were
the first appointments to the High
Court made by a Democratic
President in twenty-five years
Admirable & Charismatic
Attributes
• His merits:
–
unemployment rate to a
thirty-year low and
– Had the fastest real-wage
growth in twenty years.
• Results:
– Received an impressive
69% job approval rating
Consultation
• Proposed on a middle class tax cut
• After gathering opinions, he imposed the tax
increase in the history instead
http://dm.olemiss.edu/archives/96/9607/960729/960729ED2hendrick
son.html
Leadership Styles
Leadership Style
Bill Clinton is a successful leader
with several leadership
approaches:
• Participative leadership
• Task-oriented leadership
• Relations-oriented leadership
Participative Leadership
Consultation:
• Consulted other people for their opinions and ideas
on political policies
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/clinton/chapters/4.html
Participative Leadership
In the early days of October '94,
Clinton called Morris and he said,
"What do you think I should do about
the congressional elections?"
And Morris said, "Well, let me take a
poll, and give you some advice.
" Because that's how I usually do it.”
Clinton practiced consultation of participative leadership
Participative Leadership
• Joint decision
making:
• Regularly met with the
executive committee members
at conferences to discuss
political issues.
• Jointly made the decisions by
simple majority, with all
executive committee members
in the Republican Congress
Participative Leadership
“Congress Passes Online Indecency
Bill, Clinton expected to Sign, CDT
Plans Court Challenge.”
http://www.cdt.org/publications/pp_2.5.
html
Clinton made joint decisions
by participative leadership
Participative Leadership
Delegation:
• Practiced delegation and gave individual and groups
the authority and responsibility for making decisions
Participative Leadership
The size of Clinton's delegation,
which is expected to number
some 2,000 including the
accompanying press, is an
indication of how historic the
moment is regarded in
Washington
http://www.safm.co.za/headlines/sep2000/head
3_1611.html
Clinton practiced delegation of
participative leadership
Task-oriented Leadership
He was a well-planned leader with
clear objectives
Task-oriented Leadership
• On 6 Aug 1996, he delivered
a public statement about
space
The statement showed his
task-oriented leadership
style by planning what to do,
how to do and who would
do the investigation on Mars
http://www.enterprisemission.com/clinton2.html
Task-oriented Leadership
He also set objectives for his plans
in the statement
1st Objective: To confirm the initial findings
of NASA to ensure that these findings were
subject to a methodical process of further
peer review and validation.
2nd Objective: To discuss the future of the
space program – “Space Summit”.
3rd Objective: To continue with NASA's
series of robotic Mars missions, including
two scheduled for the end of 1996.
Relations-oriented Leadership
• His relations-oriented
leadership style could be
revealed from his
relations with his
Senators
• E.g. John Glenn, the
former Senator, sent him
a letter through e-mail on
the Space Shuttle Atlantis
on 6 Nov 1994
http://clintonpresidentialcenter.com/leg_letters_glen_1.html
Relations-oriented Leadership
• From his letter of reply he
recognized them by saying,
“We are very proud of you and the
entire crew.”
• Showed his support by his
expression of best wishes
for their journey and great
interest in their first-hand
report
Situational Circumstance
Situational Circumstances
• Internal Problems:
- Poor economics
- Protests against racial discrimination
• External Problems:
- Averse effect of war
Poor Economics
• During the poor economical
situation, where the federal
budget deficit was 290 billion
US dollars in 1992, all US
civilians felt hopeless
• They had high expectation
towards a new government as
well as the coming president
Therefore, if the new president achieved what the
civilians want, he could be perceived as a
successful leader.
Achievements made by
Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton understood that the poor economics was the
opportunity for him to show his leadership ability
What did Bill Clinton do?
1993
1997
Launched a
Business Plan
Did a Balance
Budget Act
2000
Reduced the
public held debt
Solutions made by Bill Clinton
1. To improve the influence of war:
• Addressed the Concerns of Veterans
• Reached out to more than 400,000 Veterans who were
exposed to Agent Orange
• Pressed for answers to the Gulf War Syndrome
• Pressed for proper care for those who suffer from it
• Began the process of building five new national cemeteries
• Made a special effort to bring homeless
Veterans back into the society
Solutions made by Bill Clinton
• Ensured Health Care is available for Veterans
The Clinton Administration
made Veterans' health care a
priority bringing health care
closer to the Veterans who
needed it by opening more
than four hundreds outpatient clinics all across
America
Solutions made by Bill Clinton
2. To attack discrimination:
• Providing Fairness for Legal Immigrants
•He believed that legal immigrants should
have the same economic opportunities and
should bear the same responsibilities as
other members of the society
• In 1997 and 1998, the he fought for and
succeeded in restoring disability, health
and nutritional benefits for legal
immigrants who had been taken away by
the GOP congress
Solutions made by Bill Clinton
• Providing opportunities and fighting
discrimination for all the Americans
- Signed a historic executive order to
prohibit discrimination against gays
and lesbians in the federal workplaces
-Cut the backlog at the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission
by more than half
- Promoted equal pay for women
Results
Clinton achieved:
• The lowest unemployment rate in
modern times
• The lowest inflation in thirty years
• The highest home ownership in the
country's history
• Dropped crime rates in many places
• Reduced welfare roles
Continuing Success
as a Leader?
Present Job
• Book writing
• Speeches giving
• The promotion of
peace and freedom
in the United States
as well as in the world
http://www.forbes.com/2002/06/25/0625clinton.html
Supportive Reasons
Is he a continuing successful leader ?
Immoral
Dishonest
Untrustworthy
Unfaithful
Pitfall
While considering Bill Clinton as a leader,
his personal integrity was a doubt for the
United States citizens once:
1. His sexual relationship with Monica
Lewinsky was revealed
Immoral behavior
Pitfall
2. He
lied under the Oath totally three times
about his sexual relationship with
Monica Lewinsky
Dishonest behavior
These events made him to be untrustworthy
Supportive Reasons
Is he a continuing successful leader ?
Yes, Owning of personal power
“Now that I have no power, I’m trying to
have influence by concentrating my efforts.”
By Bill Clinton
http://www.leadersmag.com/Editorial/Issues/January_2003/012e261cli.pdf
Expert Power
• His power was gained through the
expertise in coping with important
problems and the expertise’s
uniqueness
• E.g. when he has been the president
for only a few weeks, terrorists blew
up a truck bomb in the World Trade
Center’s basement in February 1993
Expert Power
• Even after his presidency,
he was still able to exercise
his expert power in leading
the Americans
• In 911 event, as Bush was
still a fresh president, Bill
Clinton urged the Americans
to rally behind Bush
because he understood that
trust, understanding and
following the president was
very important at that time
http://www.canoe.ca/CNEWSWorldTrade0109/11_clinton-ap.html
“Nobody should be questioning any
decisions he (Bush) makes”
By Bill Clinton
Referent Power
• He was admired by
people
• For example,
- He attracted a crowd of
2,000 people when he gave
a speech at Zellerbach
Auditorium
- Overflowed crowd had to
watch it through video and
web
http://www.berkeley.edu/news/features/2002/clinton/
Referent Power
• He acted as a role model of
the behavior towards
repentance after he sinned
• For example, after the scandal
with Monica Lewinsky, he opened
his sin to the people and asked for
forgiveness and repented
“Although I don’t have any formal role, what I try to
do is to focus my activities with the foundation on
those areas where I can have an impact if I work hard
enough and smart enough, and get enough help.”
By Bill Clinton
Continuing Successful Leader
• Although Bill Clinton had an embarrassing scandal
in his life, we still regard him as a continuing
successful leader
• He still had a strong influence on the others
because of his expert power and referent power
Comment
Comment
• In the past, we thought it was
easy to be a leader if
someone possessed a unique
knowledge to perform a task
or solve a problem in a better
way
• We, however, changed our mind after
evaluating how Bill Clinton is perceived
as a charismatic leader
Comment
As a leader, it is important to:
• Establish a high moral role
model
• Maintain a good
relationship with
subordinates and gain a
high respect from them
• Influence and mobilize the
followers by setting up a
good role model
Comment
We learn about Power:
• Having a legitimate power is vital
to influence people and
implement decisions
• However, the more power you
possess, the higher pressure you
bear.
Just like Bill Clinton, he was
always criticized by the public and
was labeled as a superior and
moral figure. Once he made a
mistake, he had to bear the entire
claim and face the displeasure on
him
To conclude, it is
Never an easy task to be a leader
The End
Prepared by:
Group 12
Au Yeung Man Wai, Michelle
Cheng Ka Sin
Fung Wai Yan, Ivy
Ho Yan Yan, Janet
Tang Wai Chun, Tracy