The Human Genome
 The sequence of the nitrogenous bases found on the 23
pairs of chromosomes
 There are roughly 3 billion nitrogenous bases in one
complete set
The Human Genome Project
 1990-2000s
 A consortium of many
scientists worked to sequence
the entirety of the human
genome
 Francis Collins was Director
of the publicly-funded part of
the project
 Craig Ventner was President
of Celera Genomics, a private
company
The Human Genome Project
 Controversy:
 Who “owns” the sequence of the human
genome?
 A private company with the rights to this
sequence would potentially be worth billions of
dollars
The Human Genome Project
 In 2003, the HGP and Celera Genomics simultaneously
published the sequence and released it on the internet
for anyone to use
Chromosome 1

TAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAAC
CCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAA
CCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCT
AACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAAACCCTAAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTA
ACCCTAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACC
CTACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTA
ACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTCGCGGTACCCTCAGCCGGCCCG
CCCGCCCGGGTCTGACCTGAGGAGAACTGTGCTCCGCCTTCAGAGTACCACCGAAATCTGTGCAGAGGAC
AACGCAGCTCCGCCCTCGCGGTGCTCTCCGGGTCTGTGCTGAGGAGAACGCAACTCCGCCGTTGCAAAGG
CGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCG
GCGCAGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAG
AGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGACACATGCTAGCGCGTCGGGGTGGAGGCGTGGCGCAGGCGC
AGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGACACATGCTACCGCGTCCAGGGGTGGAGGCGTGGCGC
AGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCACCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGACACATGCTAGCGCGTCCAGGGGTGGAGGCG
TGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGACGCAAGCCTACGGGCGGGGGTTGGGGGGGCGTGTGTTGCAGGAGCAAAGTCGC
ACGGCGCCGGGCTGGGGCGGGGGGAGGGTGGCGCCGTGCACGCGCAGAAACTCACGTCACGGTGGCGCGG
CGCAGAGACGGGTAGAACCTCAGTAATCCGAAAAGCCGGGATCGACCGCCCCTTGCTTGCAGCCGGGCAC
TACAGGACCCGCTTGCTCACGGTGCTGTGCCAGGGCGCCCCCTGCTGGCGACTAGGGCAACTGCAGGGCT
CTCTTGCTTAGAGTGGTGGCCAGCGCCCCCTGCTGGCGCCGGGGCACTGCAGGGCCCTCTTGCTTACTGT
ATAGTGGTGGCACGCCGCCTGCTGGCAGCTAGGGACATTGCAGGGTCCTCTTGCTCAAGGTGTAGTGGCA
GCACGCCCACCTGCTGGCAGCTGGGGACACTGCCGGGCCCTCTTGCTCCAACAGTACTGGCGGATTATAG
GGAAACACCCGGAGCATATGCTGTTTGGTCTCAGTAGACTCCTAAATATGGGATTCCTGGGTTTAAAAGT
Chromosome 1

AAAAAATAAATATGTTTAATTTGTGAACTGATTACCATCAGAATTGTACTGTTCTGTATCCCACCAGCAA
TGTCTAGGAATGCCTGTTTCTCCACAAAGTGTTTACTTTTGGATTTTTGCCAGTCTAACAGGTGAAGCCC
TGGAGATTCTTATTAGTGATTTGGGCTGGGGCCTGGCCATGTGTATTTTTTTAAATTTCCACTGATGATT
TTGCTGCATGGCCGGTGTTGAGAATGACTGCGCAAATTTGCCGGATTTCCTTTGCTGTTCCTGCATGTAG
TTTAAACGAGATTGCCAGCACCGGGTATCATTCACCATTTTTCTTTTCGTTAACTTGCCGTCAGCCTTTT
CTTTGACCTCTTCTTTCTGTTCATGTGTATTTGCTGTCTCTTAGCCCAGACTTCCCGTGTCCTTTCCACC
GGGCCTTTGAGAGGTCACAGGGTCTTGATGCTGTGGTCTTCATCTGCAGGTGTCTGACTTCCAGCAACTG
CTGGCCTGTGCCAGGGTGCAAGCTGAGCACTGGAGTGGAGTTTTCCTGTGGAGAGGAGCCATGCCTAGAG
TGGGATGGGCCATTGTTCATCTTCTGGCCCCTGTTGTCTGCATGTAACTTAATACCACAACCAGGCATAG
GGGAAAGATTGGAGGAAAGATGAGTGAGAGCATCAACTTCTCTCACAACCTAGGCCAGTAAGTAGTGCTT
GTGCTCATCTCCTTGGCTGTGATACGTGGCCGGCCCTCGCTCCAGCAGCTGGACCCCTACCTGCCGTCTG
CTGCCATCGGAGCCCAAAGCCGGGCTGTGACTGCTCAGACCAGCCGGCTGGAGGGAGGGGCTCAGCAGGT
CTGGCTTTGGCCCTGGGAGAGCAGGTGGAAGATCAGGCAGGCCATCGCTGCCACAGAACCCAGTGGATTG
GCCTAGGTGGGATCTCTGAGCTCAACAAGCCCTCTCTGGGTGGTAGGTGCAGAGACGGGAGGGGCAGAGC
CGCAGGCACAGCCAAGAGGGCTGAAGAAATGGTAGAACGGAGCAGCTGGTGATGTGTGGGCCCACCGGCC
CCAGGCTCCTGTCTCCCCCCAGGTGTGTGGTGATGCCAGGCATGCCCTTCCCCAGCATCAGGTCTCCAGA
GCTGCAGAAGACGACGGCCGACTTGGATCACACTCTTGTGAGTGTCCCCAGTGTTGCAGAGGTGAGAGGA
GAGTAGACAGTGAGTGGGAGTGGCGTCGCCCCTAGGGCTCTACGGGGCCGGCGTCTCCTGTCTCCTGGAG
AGGCTTCGATGCCCCTCCACACCCTCTTGATCTTCCCTGTGATGTCATCTGGAGCCCTGCTGCTTGCGGT
GGCCTATAAAGCCTCCTAGTCTGGCTCCAAGGCCTGGCAGAGTCTTTCCCAGGGAAAGCTACAAGCAGCA
AACAGTCTGCATGGGTCATCCCCTTCACTCCCAGCTCAGAGCCCAGGCCAGGGGCCCCCAAGAAAGGCTC
TGGTGGAGAACCTGTGCATGAAGGCTGTCAACCAGTCCATAGGCAAGCCTGGCTGCCTCCAGCTGGGTCG
Chromosome 1

ACAGACAGGGGCTGGAGAAGGGGAGAAGAGGAAAGTGAGGTTGCCTGCCCTGTCTCCTACCTGAGGCTGA
GGAAGGAGAAGGGGATGCACTGTTGGGGAGGCAGCTGTAACTCAAAGCCTTAGCCTCTGTTCCCACGAAG
GCAGGGCCATCAGGCACCAAAGGGATTCTGCCAGCATAGTGCTCCTGGACCAGTGATACACCCGGCACCC
TGTCCTGGACACGCTGTTGGCCTGGATCTGAGCCCTGGTGGAGGTCAAAGCCACCTTTGGTTCTGCCATT
GCTGCTGTGTGGAAGTTCACTCCTGCCTTTTCCTTTCCCTAGAGCCTCCACCACCCCGAGATCACATTTC
TCACTGCCTTTTGTCTGCCCAGTTTCACCAGAAGTAGGCCTCTTCCTGACAGGCAGCTGCACCACTGCCT
GGCGCTGTGCCCTTCCTTTGCTCTGCCCGCTGGAGACGGTGTTTGTCATGGGCCTGGTCTGCAGGGATCC
TGCTACAAAGGTGAAACCCAGGAGAGTGTGGAGTCCAGAGTGTTGCCAGGACCCAGGCACAGGCATTAGT
GCCCGTTGGAGAAAACAGGGGAATCCCGAAGAAATGGTGGGTCCTGGCCATCCGTGAGATCTTCCCAGGG
CAGCTCCCCTCTGTGGAATCCAATCTGTCTTCCATCCTGCGTGGCCGAGGGCCAGGCTTCTCACTGGGCC
TCTGCAGGAGGCTGCCATTTGTCCTGCCCACCTTCTTAGAAGCGAGACGGAGCAGACCCATCTGCTACTG
CCCTTTCTATAATAACTAAAGTTAGCTGCCCTGGACTATTCACCCCCTAGTCTCAATTTAAGAAGATCCC
CATGGCCACAGGGCCCCTGCCTGGGGGCTTGTCACCTCCCCCACCTTCTTCCTGAGTCATTCCTGCAGCC
TTGCTCCCTAACCTGCCCCACAGCCTTGCCTGGATTTCTATCTCCCTGGCTTGGTGCCAGTTCCTCCAAG
TCGATGGCACCTCCCTCCCTCTCAACCACTTGAGCAAACTCCAAGACATCTTCTACCCCAACACCAGCAA
TTGTGCCAAGGGCCATTAGGCTCTCAGCATGACTATTTTTAGAGACCCCGTGTCTGTCACTGAAACCTTT
TTTGTGGGAGACTATTCCTCCCATCTGCAACAGCTGCCCCTGCTGACTGCCCTTCTCTCCTCCCTCTCAT
Functional Genomics
 Now that the sequence is known, the next step is to
understand it
 Functional Genomics: the study of the genes, their
functions and how they are controlled
The Human Genome
 3 billion nitrogenous bases in a set
 Roughly 20,000 genes contained in the genome
 Coding DNA makes up less than 2% of the genome
 Non-coding DNA therefore is more than 98%
 Is this DNA “junk” like many believe or does it server a
purpose?
Further Controversy
 Even though the sequence of the human genome is
freely available, who “owns” the information?
 If you make a discovery about some part of the human
genome, how do you profit from it?
 Cloning genes….