NAVAL TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED TO
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
•NAVAL DESIGN GOES GREEN
VA. ING. ANGEL MARTINEZ
CONTAMINATION OF THE SEA
• The sea, one of the basic elements of the environmental balance on
this planet, is under serious risk as a result of the pollution .
• An important part of the contamination has its origin in ships.
• Ships are enforced to fulfil certain rules to prevent pollution. These
rules must procure to minimize the marine contamination.
The Mediterranean is a sick sea, where it takes around
100 years for the waters to become renewed.
(Mediterranean Sea Conference - Tunisia 1995)
IMO REGULATIONS
INTERNATIONAL
MARITIME
ORGANIZATION
IMO
MARITIME POLLUTION
CODE & AMENDMENTS
MARPOL 73/78
4
MARPOL CONVENTION 73/78
• ADOPTED AT IMO AS A COMBINATION OF TWO
TREATIES OF 1973 AND 1978. ENTERED INTO
FORCE IN 1983. UPDATED BY AMENDMENTS
THROUGH THE YEARS.
• SPAIN RATIFIES IN 1979 AND GOES INTO EFFECT
IN 1983.
• APPLICABLE TO ALL KIND OF SHIPS EXCEPT
WARSHIPS.
• INCLUDES SIX TECHNICAL ANNEXES.
• STATES PARTIES MUST ACCEPT THE TWO FIRST
ANNEXES, THE OTHER ARE VOLUNTARY.
IMO
IMO REGULATIONS
MARPOL Article 3.3., “This Convention does NOT
apply to WARSHIPS, naval auxiliary or other ships
operated by a State and used only for government
non-commercial services”.
6
SPANISH M.O.D. NORMATIVE
• MINISTRY OF DEFENSE DIRECTIVE 01/92.
• MINISTRY OF DEFENSE DIRECTIVE 107/97
- ESTABLISHES ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY.
- DEFINES THE DIGENIN COMPETENCE.
- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.
- SUSTAINABLE OPERATIVITY.
- ESTABLISHES ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS. (MANDATORY FOR THE ARMED FORCES).
• SECRETARY OF DEFENSE INSTRUCTION 30/98
(DEVELOPS DIRECTIVE 107/97).
- ESTABLISHES A PERMANENT ORGAN OF WORK.
- ESTABLISHES POLICY: LEGISLATION AND
ENVIRONMENTAL RECOVERING.
IMO
MARPOL 73/78
INCLUDE SIX TECHNICAL ANNEXES
Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by:
•
Annex I: FUEL / OIL .
•
Annex II: NOXIOUS LIQUID SUBSTANCES IN BULK (Such
as Chemicals).
•
Annex III: HARMFUL SUBSTANCES CARRIED BY SEA IN
PACKAGED FORM.
•
Annex IV: SEWAGE FROM SHIPS.
•
Annex V: GARBAGE FROM SHIPS.
•
Annex VI: AIR POLLUTION FROM SHIPS (Complemented
with the Kioto Convention and Montreal Protocol).
8
•MARPOL CONVENTION 73/78
• MARPOL establishes also some Special Areas where it is
absolutely forbidden to discharge hydrocarbons, plastics and
solids in general. The discharge of residual black waters is
not permitted inside restricted waters and the discharge of
grey waters depends on the criteria of the local authorities.
Also it is not permitted the discharge of food residues at less
than 12 miles from the shore.
These special areas are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mediterranean Sea.
Baltic Sea.
Black Sea.
Red Sea.
Persian Gulf.
North Sea.
Antarctic Ocean.
Caribbean Sea.
The Antarctic Ocean is one of the Special Areas established by MARPOL
•TREATMENT OF RESIDUES
THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF RESIDUES GENERATED
IN A SHIP IS IMPORTANT.
Example: Ship LHD “J.C. I” with a capacity for 1.440 persons.
*Residues generated = 257m3 per day
* Residues generated in a mission of 50 days= 12.850 m3
Not possible... Store.
Is required... Collect .. Process..Elimination.
Following directions of the International Organizations...IMO
and Local Authorities.
TREATMENT OF RESIDUES
DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUES DAILY GENERATED
BY ONE LHD TYPE SHIP
OILY WATERS
16.000 L
BLACK AND GREY
WATERS
COMBUSTIBLE
SOLIDS
224.000 L
14.300 L
NON COMBUSTIBLE
SOLIDS
2.000 L
FOOD RESIDUES
1.200 L
257.500 L
715 L
0
0
320 L
350 L
45 L
0,3 %
MARPOL 73/78
IMO
Annex I. Prevent Pollution by FUEL / OIL.
Ships must be fitted with equipment:
Oily-water separators, filtering system, oildischarge monitoring system, slop tanks, sludge
tanks and pumping.
Hydrocarbons in water limited to 15 ppm.
12
APPLICATION OF MARPOL
INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
IN F-105 (UNDER CONSTRUCTION):
- ANNEX I. TO PREVENT POLLUTION BY FUEL /OIL.
• OILY WATER INDICATOR
• BILGE WATER-OIL SEPARATOR
• 12 OIL STORAGE TANKS.
13
MARPOL 73/78
IMO
Annex IV: Prevention of SEWAGE from ships.
GREY WATERS:
. FREE DISCHARGE ALLOWED.
BLACK WATERS DISCHARGES:
• TREATED:
> 3 n.m.
• NOT TREATED: > 12 n.m.
EFFLUENTS:
. BOD5
< 25 mg/l
. T.S.S.
< 35 mg/l
. COLIFORMS
< 100 col/100ml
THE TREND IS TO TREAT ALSO
GREY WATERS AS S.N. DOES.
14
F-105. MARPOL APPLICATION
•
ANNEX IV. SEWAGE.
2 SEWAGE & GREY WATER
TREATMENT PLANTS.
5 WASTE GREY WATER
HOLDING TANKS.
15
MARPOL APPLICATION
ANNEX V. PREVENT POLLUTION BY GARBAGE
SOLID WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM IN F-105.
• NON COMBUSTIBLE INORGANIC SOLID
WASTE: TRASH COMPACTOR 1.
• COMBUSTIBLE INORGANIC SOLID
WASTE: TRASH COMPACTOR 2 ->INCINERATOR
• ORGANIC GARBAGE: 2 PULPERS .
16
F-105. MARPOL APPLICATION
•ANNEX V
GARBAGE
COMPACTOR
ROOM
INCINERATOR
17
F-105. RULES APPLICATION
•ANNEX VI. PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION.
• DIESEL ENGINES With
MARPOL AIR POLLUTION
CERTIFICATE.
• FUEL QUALITY.
• OZONE DEPLETING
SUBSTANCES LIKE HALONS
AND CFC´s ELIMINATED ON
BOARD.
18
10
9
8
NO,x
7
SO,x
6
5
CO2
4
CO
3
HC
2
Partículas
1
0
DIESEL
TURBINA GAS
VAPOR
Emissions to the atmosphere depending on naval propulsion type
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
► Use of High Efficiency Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) systems

Total efficiency of the engine can be increased by more than 5 %. That means less fuel consumption and
therefore less emissions to the atmosphere.

Requires extensive modifications for existing vessels.
UNDER WATER HULL COATING
► IMO Resolution of Nov. 99 called for global prohibition on the
application of organotin compounds which act as biocides in
antifouling system on ships, by Jan. 2008.
► Application of low friction hull coatings

Coatings based on nanotechnologies

Silicone paints.
THE IMPORTANCE OF ROUGHNESS
% FUEL PENALTY vs. INCREASED ROUGHNESS
12.0%
10.0%
8.0%
6.0%
4.0%
2.0%
“Fuel Economy due to Improvement in Ship Hull Surface Condition”
00
0
Roughness (microns)
10
95
0
90
0
85
0
80
0
75
0
70
0
65
0
60
0
55
0
50
0
45
0
40
0
35
0
30
0
25
20
0
0.0%
SILICONE ANTIFOULING PAINTS
F-101 IN DRY DOCKING IN FERROL
“Alvaro de Bazán” F101: Painted in Ferrol in Nov. 06
IMO
IMO REGULATIONS
FUTURE LEGISLATION: BALLAST WATER
25
CLASSROOM FOR TREATMENT OF RESIDUES
GREEN PASSPORT (I)
•Resolution A.962 IMO GUIDELINES ON SHIP RECYCLING
• The use of hazardous materials should be minimized in the design,
construction and maintenance of ships. There is a need to prepare ships for
recycling in such a manner as to reduce environmental and safety risks and
health and welfare concerns.
• Adopts the IMO Guidelines on Ship Recycling set out in the annex of the
resolution.
• Invites Governments to take urgent action to apply this Guidelines.
• The Guidelines seek to:
– Encourage recycling as the best means to dispose of ships at the end of
their operating lives.
– Provide guidance in respect of the preparation of ships for recycling and
minimizing the use of potentially hazardous materials and waste
generation during a ship´s operating life.
– Foster inter-agency cooperation.
– Encourage all stakeholders to address the issue of ship recycling.
GREEN PASSPORT (II)
•Potential hazardous materials:
1.- Fuel, lubricants and coolants.
2.- Floatable materials (eg. Plastics, styrofoam insulation ...).
3.- Materials containing PCB´s such as wiring insulation.
4.- Sludges.
5.- Harmful aquatic organisms in ballast water.
6.- Asbestos used as insulation material and in accommodation
panels.
• “The Green Passport for ships is a document facilitating the
application of these Guidelines, providing information with
regard to materials known to be potentially hazardous used in
the construction of the ships, its equipment and systems.
Alang (India)
Chittagong (Bangladesh)
SUSTAINABILITY OF SHIPS SCRAPING. RECYCLING
•MARINE MAMMALS PROTECTION
September 2002, Canary Islands
During National Navy Exercise Neotapón 02,
14 Beaked Whales stranded.
The Spanish Ministry of Defence decided to
fund any research aimed to find the causes of
the stranding and the death of the animals.
•MARINE MAMMALS PROTECTION
A group of patologists from the University of
Las Palmas (Canary Islands), leaded by Dr.
Antonio Fernández, claimed the corpses of
the dead beaked whales and started a
research based on the analysis of the tissues.
They discovered “holes” on the tissues and
rised the theory of Gas Bubble Formation.
According to this theory, the beaked whales
might have died because of Decompression
Sickness.
•MARINE MAMMALS PROTECTION
Further research was performed by
NURC and other agencies. The
unknown undersea life of beaked
whales was researched. Some
animals were “tagged” with sensors.
Sensor Tags showed an uncommon
diving profile: they dive up to 1600
mts !.
That cleared the way for the
Decompression Sickness Theory.
•MARINE MAMMALS PROTECTION
However, there was the scientific
common belief that Marine Mammals,
after million of years of evolution,
cannot suffer from decompression
sickness.
•MARINE MAMMALS PROTECTION
A tissue analysis on beaked whales stranded
January 2006 in southeast Spain confirmed
the Decompression Sickness Theory.
•MARINE MAMMALS PROTECTION
BEAKED WHALE DIVING CYCLE
100 to 120 minutes
DECOMPRESION CYCLE
(ABOUT 1 HR)
800 – 1900 mts
Squids
•MARINE MAMMALS PROTECTION
MOST PROBABLE CAUSE OF BEAKED WHALES DEATH
STARTING
•RAPID
ASCENT
AT SONAR
SILENCE, SUDDENLY
•NITROGEN BEADS ON
SONARS START TO
BLOOD AND TISSUES
TRANSMIT
•DEAD CAUSED BY RAPID
DECOMPRESION
THE ASCENDING BOTTOM
TOPOGRAPHY FORCES THE
BEAKED WHALE TO MOVE
UPWARDS
PANIC !
•MARINE MAMMALS PROTECTION
Spanish Navy Marine Mammals Protection
Procedures
•Active Sonar activities cannot be performed within 50 NM of the Canary
Islands.
•Before any active sonar exercise there must be a visual search for
Marine Mammals in the area.
•If Marine Mammals are sighted, the acoustic transmission must be
ceased until the area is clear of MM.
•When feasible, Passive Acoustic Search should be conducted before an
active sonar exercise.
•Set sonars to minimum Tx power.
•Visual inspection of the area after the exercise.
•MARINE MAMMALS PROTECTION
Spanish MoD Present and future in relation
to MM
SP MoD is preparing a new Research Agreement to be
signed for cooperation with the Canary Islands
Regional Government and the SP Environmental
Ministry funding new research on Marine Mammals
Protection.
SP Navy is involved in:
• maintaining a Marine Mammals Sighting Data Base.
• scientific cooperation with NURC for Cruises and
research.
ENVIRONMENT IS A MATTER OF EVERYBODY
“SAFE, SECURE & EFFICIENT SHIPPING ON CLEAN OCEANS”