9.1 Manipulating DNA
•Set up Cornell Notes on
pg. 17
•Topic: 9.4 Genetic
Engineering
•Essential Question:
1. Why is the offspring of
asexual reproduction a
clone?
9.4
Genetic Engineering
2.1 Atoms,
Ions,
and Molecules
1. Why is the offspring of asexual
reproduction a clone?
KEY CONCEPT
DNA sequences of
organisms can be
changed.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Please copy down the questions on p.16. Leave room for the
answers.
Click and Clone Questions
1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a
clone?
2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?
3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?
4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic
donor?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
KEY CONCEPT
DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.
CC=
Copy Cat
or
Carbon Copy
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Entire organisms can be cloned.
• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an
organism.
CC- The
first cloned
cat
Born Dec
22, 2001
after 86
unsuccessful
tries
9.4 Genetic Engineering
•
–
–
–
Cloning occurs in nature.
bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself)
some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration)
Identical twins
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear
transfer.
– nucleus is removed from an egg cell
– nucleus of a cell from the animal to be cloned is
implanted in the donor egg
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Clone Mimi the Mouse
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Click and Clone Questions
1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a
clone?
2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?
3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?
4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic
donor?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Click and Clone Questions
1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a
clone?
• Somatic cell and egg cell
2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?
• 3: Somatic cell donor (who we are cloning), egg donor,
and surrogate mother (who carries the baby)
3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?
• The somatic cell donor and the clone
4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic
donor?
• No. The behavior may be very different from the original.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Ch. 9 Study Guide
• Please get a Ch. 9 Study Guide and an Eyes of Nye:
Cloning Worksheet
– Study Guide due Friday- NO LATE SGs accepted!
– 16 ?s on test
– Focus on ***Starred*** parts
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Review
9.4 Genetic Engineering
MEET DOLLY
In 1996 Dolly became the first mammal to be cloned using an
adult somatic (body) cell. She was born on the 277th try.
Did you know?
•She was
derived from a
mammary
gland
•She was
named after
Dolly Parton
Dolly and
her lamb
Bonny
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Known animals to have been cloned as of 2012:
• Carp (fish)
• Cat
• Cattle
•Deer
•Dog
• Ferret
•Frog (tadpole)
•Fruit Flies
•Gaur (wild cattle)
• Goat
•Horse
• Mice
• Mouflon (wild sheep)
• Mule
•Pig
•Pyrenean ibex (type of goat)
•*first extinct animal to be
cloned- only lived 7 mins
• Rabbit
• Rat
• Rhesus Monkey
• Sheep
• Water Buffalo
• Wolf
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• benefits
– organs for transplant into humans
– save endangered species
• concerns
– low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful)
– clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal
– decreased biodiversity
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Issues with Dolly
•She developed and grew
normally, but she had
health problems
•Did not live as long as
typical sheep
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Pet owners expecting to clone an exact copy of their furry
friend will be disappointed…
*CC does
not have the
health issues
normally
associated
with other
clones.
May not look, act, or behave like the original. Likely to have
health issues, and a shorter life span.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Cloning in movies and books
The Island
(2005)
• People on
the island
are told
what to eat,
wear, and
how to act.
• They are
clones. Held
prisoner to
be used for
spare parts
or as
surrogates
The Boys from
Brazil
• After WWII,
Nazis create
94 Hitler
clones in
hopes that
one will
grow up to
be like the
original
Hitler and
create a
fourth Reich
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The Eyes of Nye: Cloning
• Please answer the questions as the video plays
• You will be writing an essay about EITHER
– Genetically Engineering humans (think GATTACA)
Pros/Cons
OR
– The ethics behind cloning humans
Pros/Cons
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Table Talk- Eyes of Nye: Cloning
• Benefits of cloning (full organisms or only genes)?
• Concerns of cloning?
• Discuss the PROBLEMS with cloning humans.
– Think success rate
– Health of clones
Be ready to share out with the class
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The Clone Age
When watching the video, please consider
the advantages and disadvantages of
cloning humans.
•
•
•
•
Religion
Medical advances
Ethics
Health of human clones
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The Clone Age Questions
1. What types of cloning occur naturally in
nature?
2. What are a few of the concerns with
cloning?
3. Please write a paragraph explaining the
pros and cons of human cloning in your
opinion.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The Clone Age Answers
1. What types of cloning occur naturally in
nature?
– bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself)
– some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration)
– Identical twins
2. What are a few of the concerns with
cloning?
•
•
•
low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful)
clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original
animal
decreased biodiversity
9.1 Manipulating DNA
•Set up Cornell Notes on
pg. 19
•Topic: 9.4 Genetic
Engineering
•Essential Question:
1. Explain how
recombinant DNA is
used to make
transgenic organisms.
9.4
Genetic Engineering
2.1 Atoms,
Ions,
and Molecules
1. Explain how recombinant DNA is
used to make transgenic organisms.
9.1 Manipulating DNA
Divide pg. 18 into 3 sections
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Open your biology book to page 225, and on
the top section of pg. 18 write a paragraph
explaining how genetic engineering is
responsible for making this mouse glow.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• The mouse’s green glow comes from the green fluorescent
protein GFP. Scientists put a gene from a glowing jellyfish
into a virus that was allowed to infect a mouse egg. The
jellyfish gene became part of the mouse’s genes. As a result
the mouse cells produce the same protein.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Table Talk
• What do you think genetic engineering involves?
– Examples?
• What sorts of things can we genetically engineer?
– Plants
– Animals
– Bacteria
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering involves changing an organism’s DNA
to give it new traits by inserting cloned genes from one
organism into a different organism.
– Possible because the genetic code is shared by all
organisms (all living things share the same 4 nucleotides
A,T,C,G)
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering uses Recombinant DNA which is DNA
that contains genes from more than one organism.
Foreign DNA
Original DNA
Draw/label
/color code
on pg. 19
(small)
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Bacterial plasmids are often used to make
recombinant DNA. Plasmids are closed loops of DNA
found in bacteria
1. restriction enzymes cut
plasmid and foreign DNA
2. foreign gene inserted into
plasmid
3. Plasmid put into bacteria
4. Bacteria will multiply
– *Result: New proteins will be
expressed in the bacteria!
(bacterial DNA)
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering produces organisms with new
traits!
• A transgenic organism has one or more genes from
another organism inserted into its genome.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Jurassic Park Questions
• Why does Dr. Grant need a drop of blood from Dr. Grant?
• What is inaccurate about the cloning of Dr. Grant?
• How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the
dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs?
• What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to
develop in? (Very quiet, in the background)
• Do we need a surrogate?
• Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Why does Dr. Grant need a drop of blood from Dr. Grant?
To extract DNA from
What is inaccurate about the cloning of Dr. Grant?
A real clone would not be the same age, it would be a baby
How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the dinosaur DNA to
make transgenic dinosaurs?
They fill in the “gaps” in the dinosaur DNA with frog DNA
What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to develop in?
(Very quiet, in the background)
They use unfertilized ostrich eggs (This is why there is no need for a
surrogate.
Do we need a surrogate?
No. Just the egg donor (ostrich) and DNA from the animal
Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?
They were all female.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Divide the rest of pg. 19 into 3 sections: (Tree Map formation)
Transgenic
Animals
Transgenic
Bacteria
• What are they produced for?
• Real life Examples
Transgenic
Plants
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene
functions.
– *The hope is to treat/cure diseases in humans
– Hard to produce!
– Must get a fertilized egg-insert the foreign DNA
back into female
– Only a small % of these will mature normally
– Only some will be transgenic
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• The animals that are transgenic will have the foreign gene
as part of their DNA
• *Gene will be in ALL of their cells, including the
sperm/egg, and therefore they can pass it on to their
offspring
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce many
useful chemicals
– Cancer drugs
– Pesticides
– Insulin
*Ex: Insulin is made by introducing
human recombinant DNA into a
plasmid allowing it to multiply
• It is then collected and used to
treat people with diabetes
9.4 Genetic Engineering
*Bacteria used to produce artificial sweeteners
• Aspartame- Widely used artificial sweetener
– Diet soda
– Sugar-free gum and candy
– Sugar-free desserts
– Sugar-free condiments
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Transgenic plants
– transgenic bacteria infect a plant
– many crops are now genetically modified(GM)
– Ex: resistance to frost/diseases/insects
***In order for plants to “pass down” the genetic
trait to their offspring they must be sure that the
gene is present in the seed of the plant!***
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Farmers use pesticides to get rid of “pests”
• Farmers use herbicides to get rid of weeds
– If we spray a “herbicide” on a crop full of weeds what
might happen?
– Scientists have developed genetically engineered
plants that are resistant to the herbicides
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Scientists have concerns about some uses of genetic
engineering.
– possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods
– possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and
biodiversity
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Draw a double bubble
map comparing and
contrasting cloning and
genetic engineering. Give
examples.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Genetically
identical
copy of a
gene or
organism
Uses
nuclear
transfer
Dolly the
Sheep, CC
the cat
Changes
DNA to
give it
new traits
Biotechnology
Genetic
Engineering
Cloning
May involve
manipulating
DNA
Mouse
that has
jellyfish
DNA
Weather/drought
resistant fruits
and veggies