slaughter
bloodshed
genocide
destruction
murder
hatred
rape
Genocide
in Namibia
1904-1907
(the first genocide of the
20th century)
• Background: Namibia was a part of
German Southwest Africa
• Cause: January 12, 1904 Herero
tribe rebel against German
colonial rule
•
German Lieutenant-General
Lothar von Trotha
On October 2, 1904, von Trotha issued
his order to exterminate the Herero from
the region. 'All the Herero must leave the
land. If they refuse, then I will force them
to do it with the big guns. Any Herero
found within German borders, with or
without a gun, will be shot. No prisoners
will be taken. This is my decision for the
Herero people'.
Effect: German army defeat
them and drive them into the
desert.
Outcome: In total 24,000 up
to 100,000 perish due to
starvation and thirst.
Rumors spread that Germans
systematically poisoned the
wells too!
Violence
in Uganda
1971-1980
(the first genocide of the
20th century)
• Background:
• - 1894-1962 British colony
• - 1962 Uganda gains independence
•
through peaceful means
• - 1962 constitution created and
•
Obote elected prime minister
Cause:
-- 1971 Idi Amin seizes power &
•
- creates a military dictatorship
Uganda dictator Idi Amin
Effect:
- executes 6,000 of his 9,000
soldiers (loyalty)
- relies on Libya & Soviets for
aide and weapons
- persecutes rival tribes &
Obote supporters killing
between 100,000 to 500,000
Events:
- 1976 PLO hijacked plane carrying
Israelis allowed to land in
Uganda; Amin embarrassed after
Israeli rescue
- 1978 Amin attacks Tanzania;
exiled Ugandans help Tanzania;
Amin flees Uganda
• Outcome:
• - 1980 Obote returns to
•
power after election
•
•
•
•
•
•
Amin’s Legacy:
- death toll near 700,000
- 200% inflation rate
- $320 million in debt
•
•
•
•
Recent History:
- 1985 Obote deposed by General Tito Okello
- 1986 Okello deposed after Ugandan Civil War
- 1986-Present Yoweri Museveni president
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lord’s Resistance Army:
- Goal: create a theocratic govt.
- How: civil war in northern Uganda
uses child soldiers in battle
- Who: Joseph Kony leader since 1987
Genocide
in Rwanda
1994
(the first genocide of the
20th century)
Rwanda is located in East
Central Africa, nestled between
Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and
the Democratic Republic of the
Congo. It is a land-locked nation
with beautiful rolling hills, green
pastures and plentiful rainfall. A
small nation in terms of land
mass, Rwanda would fit easily
into the space of Ireland with
room to spare. Yet with a
population of almost 10 million
people, it boasts the highest
population density on the
African continent.
• Background:
• - German colony till WWI
- Post WWII Belgian colony
• Rwanda is divided into 5
provinces, with the city of
Kigali as the capital of the
country.
Two Major ethnic tribal
groups:
- Tutsi (dominant minority;
farmers)
&
- Hutu (oppressed majority;
cattle owners)
Rwandan Civil War:
1990-1993
Oct. 1, 1990: Tutsi RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front)
attempt to overthrow Hutu government
Aug. 4, 1993: Arusha Peace Accords fail; power-share
opposed; Ceasefire agreed to
April 6, 1994: Hutu president’s plane shot down by Tutsi rebels
Rwandan Genocide:
1994
In April 1994, the people of Rwanda suffered a tragedy of
momentous proportions - while the world stood by and
watched it happen. Over the course of only 100 days,
1,000,000 innocent fathers, mothers, sons, daughters,
aunts, uncles, grandmothers, grandfathers, young and old
alike were slaughtered by the Hutu as revenge killings.
They were hacked to death with machetes and nail-studded
clubs. They were shot dead with guns. They were beaten,
tortured, abused and left to die. Many of the women and
girls who were not killed were forcibly and violently
sexually assaulted by HIV+ men as part of a systematic
rape campaign which used the deadly potency of the AIDS
virus as a tool of slow death.
During this terrible slaughter of the innocent, more than
6 men, women and children were murdered every 60
seconds of every hour of every day. This brutally
efficient pace was kept up for more than 3 months.
The Tutsi group Rwandan Patriot Front (RPF) launched an offensive
July 4, 1994: RPF takes the capital Kigali.
July 13, 1994: RPF seized Ruhengeri prompting a mass exodus
towards Zaire.
July 17, 1994: RPF defeated the last government stronghold and
declared victory.
Genocide
in Darfur
2003-2011
(the first genocide of the
20th century)
The People of Sudan:
- North Sudan: Muslim and Arab
- South Sudan: African people
with (Traditional and Christian
religions)
Background:
- Colony of Great Britain
- Independence in 1956
- Sudanese Civil wars:
* 1956-1972
* 1983-1994
Result: widespread famine,
2 million deaths, 4 million refugees
Cause:
- June 30, 1989: Omar Hassan
Ahmad Al-Bashir overthrows
elected govt.; acts as dictator
- June 30, 1998: Islamic law takes
effect in Sudan
- Bashir oppresses non-Arabs; favors
sending them to refugee camps
Effect:
- February 2003: guerrilla civil
war begins in the Darfur region
in Sudan
- Sudan Liberation Army revolt
against the Sudanese govt.
Outcome:
- Est. 100,000 killed due to combat
- Est. 300,000 die due to starvation
or disease
- Mass migrations to Chad & to
refugee camps
History is Made:
Darfur
July 9, 2011
July 9, 2011: Sudan separates in two!
– - Sudan
– - South Sudan
Conflict still continues along the
borders and in Darfur region!
Violence
in Congo
1965-Present
(the first genocide of the
20th century)
Background:
- Former colony of Belgium
- Independence in 1960
- Civil war (1960-1965)
- Zaire (1971-1997) under Mobutu
First Congo War (1996-1997)
Cause:
- Rwandan Genocide refugees flee
to Zaire; destabilizes Zaire
Outcome:
- Nov. 1996: Rwanda, Uganda,
Angola, and Burundi invade Zaire
Goal:
- overthrow Mobutu & control
Congo’s mineral wealth
Outcome:
- May 1997: Mobutu flees Zaire;
Laurent-Desire Kabila enters
capital names himself president
and renames the nation the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Second Congo War (1998-2003)
Cause:
- Kabila orders all foreign military
forces out of Dem. Congo
Effect:
- Conflict arises between 4 groups
Main Groups and Goals:
* Hutu’s: resources, expel Tutsi’s, otherthrow Rwanda govt.
* Tutsi’s: resources, protect Rwanda, check Uganda power
* Ugandan’s: protect borders, check Congo & Rwanda power
* Kinshasa (Govt.): creation of a strong state
Outcome:
- Laurent Kabila assassinated
in 2001; son Joseph Kabila
becomes leader
- peace accords in 2003
- creates a new govt.
- Kabila re-elected president
in 2011
- fighting continues today
- involved 9 nations
- 25 armed militias fought
- nicknamed “the African
World War”
Belligerents of the Second Congo War:
Black - Democratic Republic of the Congo
Green - anti-DRC coalition (Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi)
Dark blue - pro-DRC coalition (Chad, Angola, Namibia)
Light blue - DRC allies, not in war (Libya & Suadan)
millions displaced (refugees)
5.4 million people died (most
due to disease or starvation)
half who die are under age of 5
est. 200,000 women were raped
slaughter
bloodshed
genocide
destruction
murder
hatred
rape