Chapter 7 Ethnicity
Review
Celebrating the cultures of the world
Moustapha Ouattara
Ethnic
Distribution
Ethnicity
• Definition: An identity with a group of people who
share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland
or hearth
• Ethnicities tend to cluster themselves in
specific areas within a location
• 3 major ethnicities in US
• Hispanic Americans
• African Americans
• Asian Americans
3 Major U.S Ethnicities
• Asian
– recognized as a distinct race by U.S. Bureau of Census
• Asian race and ethnicity usually same group
– Asian ethnicity “lumps” together people with ties to many countries in Asia
• African-American
– Supposedly two different groups
• African American
– trace heritage to an African Immigrant
– Ethnicity and group with extensive cultural tradition
• Black
– heritage from other regions like Latin American, Asia
– A principle that denotes darker skin
– Most see themselves as both
• Latino
– Not considered a race
– Can choose any race on the census
Ethnic Distribution
• The two largest ethnicities are Hispanics and
African Americans.
• U.S. Regional Breakdown
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–
–
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South: African Americans
Southwest: Hispanics
West: Asians
Mid-West: Native Americans
*Hispanics and African Americans tend to cluster in
urban cities…. Why?
Ethnic Distribution of African
Americans
Forced Migration in 1700s (slavery)
1st waves arrived at Jamestown
Subsequently divided among the 13 colonies
Most slaves ended up in the SE United States
Why? -Labor to farm cash crops
Early 1900s
Migration in 2 waves: 1910s & 1920s, 1940s & 1950s
Industrial Boom pulled them North (factory jobs)
Need for workers during both world wars
*13th Amendment passed (1965)*
Late 1900s-2000s
AA’s move from inner city ghettos to neighborhoods
Ghettos typically had 40,000 inhabitants/sq. mile
Desire for more living space, utilities, better quality of
life
Africa -> America
U.S. South ->
Northern Cities
Inner City -> Urban
Neighborhoods
Race
• Definition:
• An Identity with a group of people who share a
biological ancestor
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–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
White
Black, African American
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian Indian
Chinese
Filipino
Japanese
Korean
Vietnamese
Other Asian
Native Hawiian
Guamanian
Samoan
Other Pacific Islander
Other race
Different Races
Race in South Africa
• Separation of races into four different
classifications… Apartheid (1948-94)
Black
White
Asian
Mixed
Gender
Gender
• Reflects not only biological, but also social
differences between men and women
• Views on gender vary depending on location
• Ex) United States v. South Asia
South Asia
Bhutan
Nepal
Bangladesh
India
Pakistan
Afghanistan
Patriarchal
Life as a Woman in South Asia
– Constant responsibilities
• Motherhood, household
–
–
–
–
–
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Gender Gap
Work in informal sector jobs
Lack of property rights
Public behavior restricted
Education limited
Def.
Divorce laws favor men
Participation in waged labor force is limited
• Education opportunity for young girls is
improving
The differences
in social,
economic, and
political power
and opportunity
between men
and women
Gender Imbalance
• Gender Empowerment Index:
Measures the degree of balance between male and
female equity in society
We all want a happy society
don’t we??
Gender Imbalance
• The more equal
men and
women are in a
society, the
more developed
a country is.
When girls receive an education there is an improvement in all aspects of life
Suffrage
Lack of discrimination
Job opportunities
Gender empowerment
Population changes
Ethnicity
Nation
States
Nationality
• Nationality:
Identity with a group of
people who share legal
attachment and
personal allegiance to a
particular country
Ex) American citizens born
in America
• Nationalism:
Devotion and loyalty to
one’s nation/nationality
Symbols
Songs
Flags
Holidays
Nation-State
a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied
by a particular ethnicity that has been
transformed into a nationality
Self-determination:
belief that an ethnicity has the right to govern
themselves.
• Led to ethnicities becoming nationalities
• Wanted to preserve and enhance distinct cultural
characteristics
Multi Ethnic States
• A state that contains more than one ethnicity
Not always a bad
thing
The United States
Multinational State
• Contain two ethnic groups with traditions of selfdetermination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing
each other as distinct nationalities
• Is it always peaceful?
NO!
In some cases one nationality
seeks to dominate the other.
Can lead to Civil War
Peaceful
European States
Russia
Largest Multinational
State
– Recognizes 39 nationalities
• Many eager for
independence
– Russian ethnicities
clustered in two areas:
Near Mongolia border
Near Azerbaijan and
Georgia
– 20% of population is nonRussian
Chechnya
Sunni Muslims who speak a
Caucasian language and
practice distinct social
customs
Currently under Russian
control after a 50 year
conflict
Chechnyan-Russian
relations are on the
rocks…haha
Ethnic Identity
• After the fall of the Soviet Union in the early
90s, many nations previously under Soviet
control emerged giving rise to more
ethnicities.
Yugoslavia
Bulgaria
Romania
Ethnic
Conflict
Ethnic Clashes
• What causes conflict?
– Ethnicities compete in civil wars to dominate national
identity
– Problems result from division of ethnicities among
more than one state
• Sub-Saharan Africa especially plagues
– Horn of Africa
– Central Africa
• Conflicts are violent and often last for long
periods and involve hundreds of dead
Ethiopia/Eritrea Conflict
Ethiopia
– 30 year war for
independence (19611991)
– Dispute over border in
1998 led to more conflict
– Ethiopia defeated Eritrea
in 2000 and took
disputed land Eritrea
and Ethiopia
Eritrea
– Under Ethiopian control
Wanted more authority
over themselves
– Eritreans defeated
Ethiopian army in 1991
• Became independent
state 1993
• 665,000 Eritrean refugees fled to
Sudan
Sudan
• Ravaged by civil war for years
• Religious cleavages
• Constant Conflict… N/S Sudan ‘11
Islam
North
Black
Christians
and animist
ethnicities
South
Somalia
Large
Sunni
Muslims
pop.
6 Ethnic
Groups
To end Human
rights violations in
the early 90s and
reduce weapons
in the hands of
dictators and
militias
Black Hawk
Down
Isakk, Darod, Dir, Digil,
Hawiye, Rahanwayn
Islamic
Terrorism
Ethnic Conflict
Religious in Nature
Lebanon
60% Muslim, 39%
Christian
• Most Christians consider
themselves ethnically
descended from Phoenicians
• Muslims consider themselves
Arab
Each group formed own private militia/army
to protect territory
Civil war on two different occasions 1975,
1990
India
Three-way struggle
Two countries created
India and Pakistan
Pakistan separated
into East and West
Pakistan
Bangladesh in 1971
Basis for separating was
Ethnicity
Pakistan
predominantly
Muslim
India
predominately Hindu
Ethnic Cleansing
– process in which a more powerful ethnic group
forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to
create an ethnically homogeneous region.
• Point is not to simply to defeat but completely
exterminate
– Involves removal of males, females, and children
– Balkanization
– process by which a state breaks down through
conflicts among its ethnicities
Rwanda
Congo
Bosnia
• A country that was ethnically and religiously
split.
• 48% Bosnian Muslim
• 37% Serb
• 14% Croat
• Serbs and Croats in Bosnia wanted to unite
Bosnia with Serbia and/or Croatia
• Led to cleansing of Bosnian Muslims
Dayton Accords
 Dayton, Ohio 1996
 Leaders of various ethnicities
 Bosnia was divided into three separate areas
 Serbians received nearly half of the country
 Croatian and Muslim areas were combined into a federation
Review
Game
Question 1
• What are the root causes of Ethnic Conflict?
• Name an example of a conflict in Africa?
Explanation
• Ethnic Conflict is caused by the desire of
different ethnicities wanting to dominate their
countries national identity
• Possible examples of conflict in Africa could be
the conflicts that occurred in Somalia, Sudan,
or Ethiopia/Eritrea.
Question 2
• What caused conflict in India?
• How many countries were formed as a result?
• What were the names of those countries?
Explanation
• Religious tension between the Muslim east
and West Pakistan and Hindu India
• 2
• Pakistan, Bangladesh (Both Muslim countries)
Question 3
• Describe the conflict that was happening in
Somalia that caused the U.S. to get involved?
• What famous movie came of the conflict?
Explanation
• The conflict that arose in Somalia was because
the corrupt government was taking away UN
donated food meant for the people to feed
themselves so what we saw were massive
human rights violation, deaths,famine,
poverty etc. So the U.S. stepped in
• Black Hawk Down depicts the events of the
Battle of Mogadishu
Question 4
• Provide one reason as to why an ethnicity
would prefer to cluster themselves together
within a location? What do they get from
doing so?
Explanation
• By doing so, they have people around them
who share similar customs and traditions
which makes it easier to adapt to the new
culture
• Forms a sense of community among them
Question 5
• Describe the waves of African American Ethnic
Distribution.
Explanation
• There were 3 different waves of AA
distribution. They were Africa to America
(forced.) American South to Northern cities,
and Inner city to Urban Neighborhoods
Question 6
• Why is the United States a good example of a
multi ethnic state?
Explanation
• The U.S. has people from every corner of the
world within its boarders and we all manage
to coexist peaceful for the most part which is
good because who would want mini ethnic
clashes in every state
Question 7
• What is a difference b/w how women are
treated in the U.S. vs. how women are treated
in a periphery country
Explanation
• In a lesser developed of periphery country,
women are treated a lot worst than women of
the United States.
• In the U.S. women can…
Go to school
Get work outside of the home
Can have her own goals/wants/needs (not
bound by patriarchal society)
Question 8
• Why do Hispanics and African Americans tend
to cluster in urban cities?
Explanation
• These groups tend to cluster in urban centers
because urban centers have the resources
(cheap housing, proximity to job) to
accommodate their large numbers.
**Formation of ghettos and ethnic
neighborhoods**
Question 9
• Why is Africa a hotbed for ethnic conflict?
• (elaborate on the answer, don’t just say
because it’s ethnically diverse)
Explanation
While it is true that Africa is ethnically diverse, it
also has a host of other issues that make is
susceptible to conflict.
Often times the warring countries have
Weak central governments
 Extreme poverty
Many religions/Languages
**all a consequence of colonization**
Question 10
(oral or written FR)
• ** No right or wrong answer**
• Why is it important to study ethnicity, ethnic
conflict and the different countries affected by
the problems that come with ethnicity?
•
•
•
•
Focus on the terms:
Self determination
Ethnic conflict/cleansing
National identity
Helpful Review Links
• http://aphumangeo.weebly.com/chapter-7ethnicity.html
• http://www.flashcardmachine.com/aphuman-geographyethnicityvocab.html
• http://quizlet.com/subject/ap-humangeography-ethnicity/
• http://youtu.be/ud1TXCIYuVA