A Midsummer Night’s Dream Jami Windham EDRD 730 March 20, 2012 Jami Windham 1 Rationale For Use: This text set seeks to create a greater dramatic understanding of Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream and how it applies to the industry of theatre. This compilation of materials is to be used in conjunction with the text of the play in a middle school environment in order to give students a more complete understanding of Shakespeare and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The areas of play Jami Windham 2 structure, acting, design, directing, research and relating history and culture will be covered. South Carolina Academic Standards for Performing Arts Middle School (6th, 7th and 8th grade) Playmaking/Playwriting Setting, plot, games, improvisation, etc. Jami Windham 3 Standard 1: The student will create improvised scenes and written scripts based on his or her own experiences and imagination as well as on literature, history and culture, and current events. Acting Blocking, voice qualities, pantomime, sensory recall, classical, contemporary, etc. Standard 2: The student will develop acting skills that allow him or her to portray a variety of characters in both improvised and scripted dramatic presentations. Designing and Technical Theatre Properties, scenery, sound, lighting, make up, costumes, etc. Standard 3: The student will design a variety of technical elements for the theatre. Directing Scenes, responding to side coaching, etc. Standard 4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the role and responsibilities of the director. Researching Historical, cultural, careers, dramaturge, rights and royalties, etc. Standard 5: The student will use appropriate practices to research and inform his or her understanding of all aspects of theatre. Making Connections Jami Windham 4 Connections between theatre and other art forms, puppets, masks, dance, cross-curricular, etc. Standard 6: The student will make connections between theatre and other arts disciplines, other content areas, and the world. Valuing and Responding Standard 7: The student will analyze, evaluate, and derive meanings from improvised and scripted scenes, live theatre performances, and theatrical performances on film, television, and other electronic media. Relating to History and Culture Standard 8: The student will understand context by analyzing the role of theatre, film, television, and other electronic media in his or her community and the state of South Carolina as well as in other cultures, both past and present. Picture Books 1.) Fairies and Magical Creatures Reinhart, M. (2008). Fairies and magical creatures. Cambridge, MA: Candlewick Press. Jami Windham 5 Summary: This book is a stunningly beautiful pop up style children's book written as a sort of encyclopedia to fairies and magical creatures. It covers the queen of the fairies, Titania, who is included in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, as well as other magical creatures and their behavior and cultural references. The pages are full of intricate pop up images you can view inside and out. The spaces not taken up by the central pop up are filled to the edges with smaller pop ups and fact sections. Commentary: This book has an amazing potential for inspiration and information. Not only is it full of facts to back up a character background study it is also so strikingly beautiful and intricately constructed it helps students to visualize the world Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night’s Dream is trying to create for its audiences. This book would be an amazing source to use in conjunction with characterization exercises in acting lessons, it could serve as inspiration images for design for both costumes, set and many others you can cover. This book also assists with history lessons because it if exploding with facts of folklore. 2.) Shakespeare and His Theatre Jami Windham 6 Brown, J. (1982). Shakespeare and his theatre. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books. Summary: This book is an intricate and informative account of Shakespeare and his Globe Theatre. It covers how the theatre was built, the interior, the people of the theatre, plays and performances that took place there, the mechanics of both on stage and backstage, other private theatres, and even the rebuilding of the theatre after its destruction by fire. The illustrations by David Gentelman are both beautiful and accurate pen and ink drawings colors with water colors. Commentary: This book is a fantastically informative and readable book fully of details that tie in with history, design, culture and acting. What I love was just how informative this book really is. It contains enough to be a textbook but is written in a very readable fashion and illustrated with image that are just as informative as the text. While this is a book for youth I can see how it may seem daunting to read based solely on the amount of text in the book but that is where the illustrations come in to inform struggling readers on their journey through the book and Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Jami Windham 7 3.) Our Principal Promised to Kiss a Pig Dakos, K. (2004). Our principal promised to kiss a pig. Morton Grove, IL: Albert Whitman and Company. Summary: This charming picture book is the story of the narrator, a young girl, and her aunt's pet pig, Hamlet, who are a part of a book reading competition in the narrator's school presented by her principal who does crazy things to motivate the kids to read. In this case the principal promises to kiss a pig if her students read 10,000 books in the year. The narrator volunteers Hamlet the pig for the big kiss without consulting Hamlet first. Hamlet is fully against the idea of kissing the principal and we read his point of view through thought bubbles where he paraphrases famous Shakespearean lines. In the end the students achieve their goal of books read and the big kiss is set up for the whole school to see. With the students eagerly watching the pig falls in love at first sight with the principal, after some apprehension, she kisses the pig. After the kiss the pig is depressed because he is still hung up on the principal but then we find out that the narrator's aunt has won another pig, named Kate, with whom Hamlet lives happily ever after with. Jami Windham 8 Commentary: First of all let me say I love far too many things about this book. The promotion of reading and support presented by the faculty and staff of the school in the book, the paraphrased famous Shakespearean lines the pig has which as followed up with a full reference page in the back of the book telling where the lines are, and down to the plot structure and illustrations. This book is a wonderful class opener I think for a middle school class. It's cute enough to allow the students to sit back and enjoy the read aloud but it is also informative with the paraphrased lines. Students could view that part of the book as a sort of research game to find where the lines are originally from and what are their contexts. Also I love the idea of the principal making a bet with the students to promote reading! I feel like after presenting this book to my class I would volunteer myself to do something like it as well. 4.) Angelina on Stage Holabird, K. (1991). Angelina on stage. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. Summary: This is another charming children's book that follows two little mice, Angelina and her younger cousin Henry. Angelina has been cast in a large musical as a flying fairy along with Henry who is an elf. During the Jami Windham 9 rehearsal process Angelina becomes jealous because the stars of the show love Henry and even give him a line to speak on stage when she doesn't have any! Opening night though Henry forgot his line and Angelina takes the high road and prompts his memory which results in a successful scene and the producer decides to keep Angelina's prompting line in the show as well for the rest of the run. Commentary: While the story in this book is a precious one of friendship that touches on the acting ideas of improvisation and theatre etiquette it is the illustrations that really caught my attention. Helen Craig creates a vividly detailed and accurate representation of the grandeur of the theatre which is only emphasized by the characters being mice. I love how this story shows how much work goes into a musical from the dance rehearsals to the set building and eventual giant backstage scenes. After reading this book even the smallest child would understand that theatre is not just "I have a barn lets put on a show!” Students can take from this book a greater understanding of the stage both on and off. 5.) Sam Stars at Shakespeare’s Globe Francis, P. (2006). Sam stars at shakespeare’s globe. Great Britain: Frances Lincoln Children’s Books. Summary: This book follows the story of Sam, a young boy in Shakespeare's England who longs to be on the stage at The Globe performing- specifically, performing as Jami Windham 10 Juliet. His is given his big break not in Romeo and Juliet but in A Midsummer Night's Dream first playing a fairy. Sam meets Jack, a young boy who plays the women on stage because in this time, Jack explains, women are not allowed on stage. Sam get to play many roles in The Globe and one day Shakespeare tells the players they will be doing Romeo and Juliet. Jack is cast as Juliet and Sam, although sad, still helps Jack and the other players. The play draws closer until one day it is discovered that Jack's voice has broken and no longer sounds like a woman. Sam gets the chance to take his place and finally play his dream role and the show is a success. Commentary: This book covers cultural details we don't always see in less informative books. Specifically, the fact that women are not allowed on stage and their characters were played by boys, also facts about Shakespeare's family and backers are shared, the rehearsal length and how short it is, even down to the behavior of the groundlings. This book is a great one to cover historical facts and cultural details of Elizabethan England and making connections between theatre then and now. Young Adult Novels Jami Windham 11 1.) Magic Street Card, O. (2005). Magic street. New York: Ballantine Books. Summary: This young adult novel is the story of Mack Street, a young African-American boy abandoned at a young age and brought up in a rough way coming and going from family to family. Mack has powers and suddenly understands how he is different when he discovers an entryway to a world where time and reality are skewed. In this world Mack grows into a man and uses A Midsummer Night’s Dream to navigate the fantasy world. Commentary: This young adult contemporary fantasy novel is an amazing work based on making connections between theatre and young adult literature. It is a mix of drama and science fiction. This book could be applied to addressing so many standards but the ones I connected with were acting, because you can use how another interprets the play and how to use it, design because this is a science fiction twist on A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and of course making connections between theatre and other art forms. 2.) William’s Midsummer Dreams Jami Windham 12 Snyder, Z. (2011). William’s midsummer dreams. New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers. Summary: According to the author Zilpha Keattey Snyder, William’s Midsummer Dreams is about how “William's wish to be a real actor comes true as he is cast as Puck in a professional production of Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream, but he soon finds that all is not well in his dream world. Trouble arises from the embarrassing adoration of one cast member as well as from the envious anger of another. William's grand success as an actor is beset by real dangers. Some of them new and slippery and some still shadowed by his Baggett-ridden past” which refers to his and his sibling’s escape from their awful life with their family and now have discovered a new life with their aunt Fiona Hardison. Commentary: This book is no only a wonderful story, it also directly addresses A Midsummer Night’s Dream and it’s characters along with the theatre and rehearsal process. This could be a great character study for the student playing Puck because they could draw from this particular character’s interpretation of Puck and see how that compares and contrasts with their own interpretation. Also it is a very basic introduction to the rehearsal process and it’s people. It lets you feel what the Jami Windham 13 process is like. Directing is also covered along with valuing and responding to theater in another art form. 3.) A Midsummer Night’s Dork Gorman, C. (2004). A midsummer night’s dork. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers. Summary: This book is the story of Jerry Flack, the sixth-grade class president, who decides to host an Elizabethan festival based on what they are learning about Shakespeare in class. Jerry is just like any other middle school student and has similar obstacles. There is a boy who is always trying to make Jerry look like a dork and Jerry tries to help a friend not be so much of a dork but things get complicated. Commentary: This book could not hit the nail more directly on the head. It is a story of middle school students looking for their place and using theatre to find it. They even decided to literally put on A Midsummer Night’s Dream. This book would be a great character building book both in the theatrical sense and in a moral sense. It would touch on standards like acting, directing, research and valuing and respond to theatre. Jami Windham 14 4.) Ella Enchanted Levine, G. (1997). Ella enchanted. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers. Summary: This book is the story of Ella of Frell who as a child was “gifted” by a fairy godmother named Lucinda who made it so Ella will always have to obey. This gift turned curse started out as a way to make raising a child easier but it turned into a cruel way for people to take advantage of Ella. The story is an adventure of Ella’s to find her freedom in a world full of princes, ogres, giants, wicked stepsisters, and fairy godmothers. Commentary: I read this book as a middle school student and loved it. It has since been turned into a movie that is also pretty good. This book is a great way to introduce students to the world of magic and myth before and during their study of A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Another key point connection this book makes is the fact that Ella is being controlled against her will by a curse which connects to A Midsummer Night’s Dream and how the lovers are also controlled by magic to do Jami Windham 15 things against their will. This book could cover standards in acting, inspire for design, help with research and making connection with other forms of art and result in a valuing and response to theater that is more rounded than with the text of A Midsummer Night’s Dream alone. 5.) Come Fall Bauer, A. (2010). Come fall. New York: Random House. Summary: Taken from Titania's mention of a foundling in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, A. C. E. Bauer spins an original tale about magical intervention in the least magical of settings: a public middle school. This is the story of Lou Zimmer, Salman Page, and Blos Peasethree middle school students who experience finding and loosing friends under the guidance of Puck and a Bird. Commentary: This book is a great way to show creativity and how the story does not stop at the last line of A Midsummer Night’s Dream but can continue into any medium the students wish. It is a way to address inspired writing and making connections since the book’s premise is borrowed from A Midsummer Night’s Dream itself. You could also touch on relating to culture because the story is close to the situation of the students since it is a tale of middle school students dealing with A Midsummer Jami Windham 16 Night’s Dream intended in my case for middle school students dealing with A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Non-fiction Texts 1.) The Forms of Things Unknown Stavig, M. (1995). The forms of things unknown. Pittsburgh, PN: Duquesne University Press. Summary: This book is a chronicle of metaphors that highlights the similarities between Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. As Mark Stavig points out, “not only do these plays share a self-consciously poetic approach to drama and a common topic -- the troubles of young lovers living in a hostile familial and societal context -- but they also share a framework of Renaissance metaphor built on gender oppositions and unities”. The book covers cycles and hierarchies in both plays, then goes on to analyze each play individually while noting the similarities in them as well. Commentary: This book, while more of a daunting read, especially for middle school students, makes some valid connections and even illustrates them in charts. Students may be more familiar with Romeo and Juliet but little do they know they Jami Windham 17 are more familiar then with Midsummer than they think. This would be a great source for play structure studies, history and research. 2.) The Making of A Midsummer Night’s Dream Selbourne, D. (1982). The making of a midsummer night’s dream. London: Methuen London Ltd. Summary: This book is David Selbourne’s eyewitness account of Peter Brook’s 1970 production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream for the Royal Shakespeare Company from the first rehearsal to the first night of performances. It reads like a scholarly journal read that covers the plot of the play, the cast in Peter Brook’s production, and then rehearsals from week one to the eighth. It is completed with excerpts from the original text, photographs from the original rehearsal process and prefaced with an essay by Simon Trussler. Commentary: I have been hearing about this famous Peter Brook production since I was in high school and now to stumble across an account of his directing process feels like reading the bible for the first time. This would be a fantastic source for addressing directing and acting standards. Not only that, you could use the photographs and Jami Windham 18 first hand accounts to inspire design. The book in itself is a historical account so it also would address history and research standards as well. 3.) Something of Great Constancy Young, D. (1966). Something of great constancy. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. Summary: This book is a work of criticism with the subtitle “The Art of A Midsummer Night’s Dream” by David P. Young. Young states, “My intention is to establish the importance of A Midsummer Night’s Dream in the development of Shakespeare’s art, to redefine its place in the canon, and to emphasize its significance as a source of our knowledge of Shakespeare’s own attitude towards drama, poetry, and the imagination” (Young, 1966). Commentary: This book was chosen because it was a scholarly criticism based only on A Midsummer Night’s Dream and not a comparison between other plays by Shakespeare. There are countless other criticisms but this one is focused and I liked that. This text would be a great one to turn to for research, play structure, and making historical connections. Jami Windham 19 4.) The Soul of Athens Blits, J. (2003). The soul of athens. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Summary: This book is a line-by-line analysis of A Midsummer Night’s Dream and how it illustrates Athenian democracy. The publishers state, “The Soul of Athens examines the nature of love and of art, and the ambiguous relationship between image and reality, as well as the tensions between patriarchy and democracy, and heroic and moral virtue” (Blits, 2003). Commentary: This book is a wonderful examination of not only a particular city as a particular time but also how Shakespeare chooses to represent it in his works. This book would be a great source for students and teachers looking to understand what type of world these characters live in and how their decision function with or against the laws of their world. This book would address standards dealing with play structures, research and making connections with history and culture. 5.) Our Moonlight Revels Williams, G. (1997). Our moonlight revels. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press. Summary: Jami Windham 20 Gary Williams describes his book as “an account of the play’s many lives in Western theatre over these four centuries and the ways in which theater artists have brought to bear on the play the culture’s negotiations of gender, class, sexuality, love, the supernatural, and even national identity” (Williams, 1997). HE analyzes actual productions of A Midsummer Night’s Dream along with adaptations like The Fairy Queen. He claims that “the play has been extraordinarily responsive in the theatre to the cultural energies in every era” so he goes on to focus on how each era addressed and utilizes A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Commentary: This book is an amazing chronicle of A Midsummer Night’s Dream throughout the ages. It is filled with original photos and accounts of actual productions and how those productions were affected by the era they were presented in. This book would be a fantastic historical resource and a wonderful way to relate culture and history to A Midsummer Night’s Dream while focusing on strengthening research skills. Jami Windham 21 Websites 1.) No Fear Shakespeare: A Midsummer Night's Dream Crowther, John, (Ed.). (2005). No Fear A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Retrieved March 18, 2012, from http://nfs.sparknotes.com/msnd/ Summary: No Fear Shakespeare states on their website, "No Fear Shakespeare puts Shakespeare's language side-byside with a facing-page translation into modern English—the kind of English people actually speak today" (Crowther, ed., 2005). This way students can read along with both the original text and a modern translation. This site also has scene breakdowns, character descriptions, and even certain vocabulary words defined and put in context by following an embedded link on the page. No Fear Shakespeare has the entire play available for viewing along with the modern translation and annotations for free. You can also buy the physical book of this translation or an app for your smartphone to have this study assistance with you on the go. Commentary: Jami Windham 22 Sparknotes have always had a bad reputation and been viewed as a source for cheating and skipping important steps like actually reading the text. To an extent I agree with this point of view but I also believe they can be an invaluable addition to the original text to create a greater understanding of the whole. In school I remember teachers forbidding us to buy the No Fear versions of our texts and I agree that they should not be the only versions students use but they should be allowed to use it as a learning tool. I know I would much rather my students use an accredited site like No Fear Shakespeare instead of one like wikipedia where the information is never for certain. No Fear Shakespeare is a great example of how sparknotes can add to understanding by being used as a reading aid and not a primary source. This would address research and making connections to our culture’s way of speaking. 2.) Royal Shakespeare Company's 1968 A Midsummer Night's Dream on Netflix Birkett, M. (Producer). (1968). A midsummer night's dream [Streaming video]. Retrieved from http://www.netflix.com. Summary: Netflix provides the following description of their instantly streaming Royal Shakespeare Company version of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, "Peter Hall directs this fine Royal Shakespeare Jami Windham 23 Company adaptation of the Bard's most pixilated romantic comedy about a group of amorous adults -- under a fairy's spell -- that couple and uncouple at the slightest provocation. ("What fools these mortals be.") Stars Diana Rigg, Judi Dench, Ian Holm, Helen Mirren, Ian Richardson and David Warner. One of Shakespeare's most magical plays (and unusual in that it lacks a written source for the plot)" (Birkett, 1968). Commentary: In my experience students have so often had a difficult time connecting the reading of a play to the physical staging of the play. I can understand why this is, especially for Shakespeare. There is already a disconnect between the reader's every day use of language and the language used in the play. Providing the opportunity for a class to see the play staged in person would be wonderful but we are all aware of the red tape you have to cut through for a field trip and with the price of tickets sometimes reaching the stars we as educators have to find other ways for students to connect to their work. Again, media has always seemed to have a down the nose look cast its way in the classroom. It is a lazy and ill prepared teacher that screens movies in their classroom. This I do not agree with. Of course you would like to have your students see the physical show done by professionals, if not professionals then a school productions, and if not a full production maybe select scenes in the classroom. But that is not to say that viewing a filmed adaptation does not enrich a student's learning experience. Afterwards they have a mental picture to recall about the sometimes confusing material they are reading. Also, it provides a chance to cover the differences and similarities between the stage and film adaptations available for viewing. Jami Windham 24 3.) Open Source Shakespeare: A Midsummer Night's Dream Shakespeare, W. (2012). Opensource shakespeare. Retrieved from http://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/views/plays/playmenu.php?WorkI D=midsummer Summary: This is a fantastic website that features a Shakespearean concordance, keyword search, advanced searches, statistics, all his plays sectioned by genre, number of lines, character list and character search, and finally all his sonnets and poems organized by individual sonnets, sonnets being compared side by side and all his poems. It proclaims to focus on “power, flexibility, friendliness and openness”. Commentary: I used this website a lot after stumbling across it my freshman year of college. I found it to be my go to online source. I love that you can pull up any of Shakespeare’s plays and not only read through it with links to each scene, there are also links to specific characters and all of their lines. You can view full lines or just the shortened versions of them with the line before prompting you. This was especially helpful for learning lines. It tells you the total number of scenes and characters. It will even tell you the full number of lines each individual has. This is a fantastic resource site. Jami Windham 25 4.) Goblin Art: Monica of the Masks' A Midsummer Night's Dream Bottom Mask Goblin art: Bottom’s mask for midsummer night’s dream. (2008). Retrieved March 18, 2012, from Blogger.com: http://www.goblinart.com/2008/07/bottomsmask-for-midsummer-nights-dream.html Summary: This is a website or blog of Monica of the Masks, a mask artesian. This particular page of her blog is dedicate to the Water in the Desert Festival who was doing a Butoh adaption of Midsummer Night's Dream and commissioned her to make the donkey mask for the character Bottom. She outlines the steps to make a vaccuformed plastic method. She even mentions a few money saving techniques because their budget was tight. Commentary: I pulled the website for the text set because I wanted to focus on mask making a little more than my design book I chose highlights for design standards. I feel like even if you do not make the donkey mask exactly like the artisan outlines here it is still a very informative process and an inspirational one at that. I love how she discuses simple techniques in mask making and makes them look nice. She also included many links to other fantastic mask making websites. Jami Windham 26 5.) Shakespearean Pronunciations Mabillard, A. (2010, January 11). Pronouncing names in shakespeare. Retrieved March 18, 2012, shakespeare-online.com: http://www.shakespeareonline.com/plays/pronouncingnames.html Summary: This website is simply a comprehensive collection of Shakesperean characters and places and how to pronounce their names. There is a pronunciation guide and includes a link to an “A to Z” list that is separated by the first letter of each word to quickly jump to its pronunciation. Commentary: I believe pronunciation is very important in the theater especially when it comes to Shakespeare. These are well-known works and sometimes even actually characters, places and events. To not pronounce them right just because not everyone may know the correct pronunciation is not doing justice to the work. With this source I would seek to promote a respect and understanding of Shakespeare’s works and the historical context of the characters, places and events. I would use this as a jumping off point to teach the International Phonetic Alphabet. Other Sources Jami Windham 27 1.) The Arden Shakespeare Complete Works Shakespeare, W., Proudfoot, R., Thompson, A., Kastan, D. S., & Jenkins, H. (2001). The Arden Shakespeare complete works. London: Arden Shakespeare. Summary: This collection is a complete guide to all of Shakespeare’s plays and sonnets. It is completed with illustrations, a detailed glossary and indexes of the first lines of sonnets and songs found in his works. Commentary: This was our bible in college when it came to our Shakespeare and history classes. Each play is prefaced by a scholarly article analyzing it. The introduction alone is a fantastic reference source. This would be the text of the play I would use as opposed to another version or edition of a similar compellation. 2.) Shakespeare A to Z Boyce, C. (1990). Shakespeare a to z. New York: Dell Publishing. Summary: Jami Windham 28 This book is a companion to any full Shakespearean text. It acts as a sort of encyclopedia to his works. Defining and breaking down not only his plays but also by character and events in alphabetical order as well. For example, there are four pages full of each time a messenger is mentioned in a play. The individual plays are brown down into scene-byscene synopsis, commentary, historical sources of the play, history of the text of the play, and a history of the play’s productions. Illustrations and photographs pertaining to the plays are also included. Commentary: Never in my theatrical career have I found a better companion source to Shakespeare’s works. This book would be used extensively as a simple reference material and thoroughly as a historical and contextual piece. This book addresses all of the standards at once that pertain to theatre. The areas of play structure, acting, design, directing, research and relating history and culture are all covered in this single book. Jami Windham 29 3.) Theatrical Design and Production Gillette, J. (2008). Theatrical design and production. New York: McGraw-Hill. Summary: This is a textbook for the introduction to scenic design and construction, lighting, sound, costume and makeup. It details organization and management and how that pertains to design, history, equipment and spaces, terminology, theory, and drawing and rendering. Commentary: This was my textbook for my college design classes and I will keep it forever. It is a precious collection of irreplaceable knowledge about design and its process. The fact that the one book covers scenic design and construction, lighting, sound, costume and makeup makes it the go to for any lesson in design. This source would not only cover standards deal with design but also with research, making connection with other art forma and relating to history and culture. 4.) A Shakespearean Theater Jami Windham 30 Morley, J. (2003). A shakespearean theater. New York: McGraw-Hill. Summary: This is a children’s informative picture book. It states it is “The inside story of the Globe Theatre and the first people to perform Shakespeare’s great plays”. It covers the origins of the theatre, medieval entertainment, traveling players, theatre in London, companies, crisis, the audiences, the stage, backstage, costumes and props, the effects of the plague, touring, performing for royals, the great fire and it’s timespan. It also includes a glossary and index. Commentary: I thought this book was a great lower level read but still informative enough to glean from it an immeasurable amount of history and contextual knowledge about the theatre. This book covers standards in acting, design, directing, research, cultural connection and relating history and culture. 5.) Fairie-ality Bird, E. (2002). Fairie-ality. Cambridge, MA: Candlewick Press. Jami Windham 31 Summary: Amazon.com describes this book as, “Showcased are nearly 150 creations including dresses, jackets, trousers, shoes, hats, and delicate unmentionables fashioned wholly from feathers, flower petals, shells, seeds, and other materials from nature. Filled with authentic fairy lore that will lure fairy lovers by the legion, this superbly designed volume also offers many clever nods to human fashion history. Its fun, fanciful costume descriptions will amuse the fashion-savvy everywhere, while the stunning array of fashions themselves - a veritable dress-up dream - will leave readers of all ages spellbound.” Commentary: This is one of the most inspiring books I have ever seen when it comes to mythical lore. It is set up so extensively you almost believe the fairies are real and you are reading a couture magazine of theirs. This would be a great inspiration item for actors creating a background study for their characters, designers seeking Jami Windham 32 inspiration, directors looking for informative images for their casts and researchers looking for material to use in dramaturgical studies of A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Jami Windham 33