17th Century Boroque
Decentralized styles and emotional art geared toward the middle class that was rich, ornate, elaborate,
and fanciful. New techniques and psychological exploration also characterized this era. The use of
spotlight and diagonals were prominent in their art.
Historical Period/Events:
1600-1700
Puritans sail to North America on the Mayflower
Galileo- invents and improves microscopes
Sir Francis Bacon-Hypothesis, Scientific Method
Printing Press-way to share and spread ideas, mass production
Significant Artists and their works
Rome
Bernini: fountains, statues
David p.512
Apollo and Daphne
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (Cornaro Chapel Alter) p.513
Borromini
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane p. 514
Caravaggio: Tenerbrism:”dark manner” light used for dramatic effect
The Calling of Saint Matthew p.518
Judith and Holofernes p. 519
Spain- one of the wealthiest countries in Europe during the baroque era. Spanish courts were lavish in
their supports of the arts, artists were imported from all over Europe for royal commissions, and
native talent was cultivated and treasured.
Valazquez: court painter and confidant of King Phillip IV. Uses Venetian colors, contrasting lights and
darks, deep space, portrayed ordinary people
Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) placed himself in this painting p.521
Flanders: Divided after the after effects of reformation settled. South still called Flanders and was
catholic. Painted religious and mythological scenes familiar from what we see done in Italy and Spain.
Rubens: one of the most popular artists of his time. He was an ambassador, diplomat, and a court
painter who had many assistants.
The Elevation of the Cross
The Rape of the Daughter of Leucippus p.522
Dyck: done paintings on a large scale; therefore he had staff that worked on many of his paintings. Did
many formal portraits
Marchesa Elena Grimaldi, Wife of Marchese Ncola Cattaneo p. 523
The Dutch Republic: northern section of original Flanders, accepted Protestantism. Painted scenes of
daily life, collectors of art were everyday people. Sensible, secular art abiding by the protestant
mandate.
Hals: military/militia style portraits
Banquet of the officers of the Civic Guard of Saint George at Haarlem p.524
Rijn: painted many self portraits, concentrated on personality rather than surface characteristics
Self-Potrait p.525
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp p.526
The Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch p. 527
Vermeer: scenes of daily life of middle class men and women
Young Woman with a Water Jug p. 531
France: began to replace Rome as the center of the art world. Classicism.
Poussin: saw his work as a kind of protest against the excesses of the baroque.
The Rape of the Sabine Women p.532
De La Tour: tenebrism, light would disappear in shadows
The Penitent Magdalen p. 533
Music, drama, and literature
Baroque Music: Rhythmic, universal appeal, for listening pleasure and glory of God.
Opera: a play that is sung for an aristocratic and middle class audience in the theatres
Monteverdi: dramatic instinct, emotionality of music
Instrumental and Vocal Music
Scarlatti: harpsichord
Handel:
Messiah (Hallelujah Chorus)
Bach: spiritual, work was unknown during his lifetime and forgotten after his death, it wasn’t until the
19th century before his work became known and published.
Brandenburg Concerto No.2 in F Major
Vivaldi: strong contrasts between the orchestra made up of string instruments and a solo instrument
(violin or flute)
Spring Concerto No. 1 in E Major, “The Four Seasons”
Philosophers
Galileo: astronomy/physics
Hobbes: political philosopher, materialism, “no divine law”
Locke: the springboard for the enlightenment, medicine and science. “humans are born with ideas, idea
born from our perception”
Descartes: father of modern philosophy, cogito ergo sum “I think, therefore I am”
18th Century Rococo
The Age of Enlightenment focused of the individual. An individual is able to think, and know, and
rationalize; therefore, individuals should be educated so they can search and gain knowledge.
The Rococo style is characterized by playfulness, entertainment, and decoration.
Historical Period/Events
1700-1814
Reign of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
American revolutionary War
The French Revolution
Napoléon rules France as Emperor
Age of Diversity: better educated middle class, Humanism
Intellectual Development: renewed interest in classical culture, examination of society (pessimistic vs.
optimistic)
Significant Artist and their works
France: uses delicate embellishments such as scrolls, ribbons, etc. pastel hued palette. The subject
matter seems frivolous and the pursuit of pleasure is present.
Watteau: best known for his elegant outdoor adventures while his subjects are dressed at their best,
long ball gowns etc.
Return from Cythera p. 558
Fragonard: used landscape to portray an erotic or romantic mood
The Swing p.560
Carriera: woman, was trained as a lace maker and painter of miniature ivory potraits
Louis XV as a Boy p.561
Tieplo:woman, used color to create luminous effects, worked on a grand scale
Allegory of Merit Accompanied by Nobility and Virtue p.562
Vigee-Lebrun: painter for Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette and Her Children p.563
England
Gainsborough: uses rococo characteristics as well as more naturalistic elements. Interested in painting
landscapes
Mary, Countess Howe p.564
Reynolds: painted portraits of military figures to convey heroism and patriotism
Lord Heathfield p.565
Hogarth: painted portraits of English middle class, painted the differences between the classes, showed
lightness or humor in his works.
Breakfast Scene from Marriage a la Mode p.566
Music
Symphony: orchestra works that are divided into several self-contained sections called movements.
(Sections of: strings, brass, percussion, and woodwinds)
Mozart: musical prodigy. Played many instruments and excelled in each one.
Fourth Movement form Symphony No. 40
Haydn: “father of the symphony” he wrote operas, string quartets, piano sonatas, more than 100
symphonies.