Name ____________________________________ Date ______ Period 1 2 3 4
Grade ____/24
Pre-Grade ____24 INC
Unit 1 Chapter 3 Federalism
Reading Objective Questions
CHAPTER 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, students should be able to:
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1. Describe the three basic forms of governmental structures: federalism, unitary, and confederacy.
2. Identify the ways in which the Constitution determines the powers of state and national governments.
3. Evaluate how contrasting interpretations of the supremacy clause and the Tenth Amendment lead to divergent views of the scope of state and national powers.
4. Describe how the Supreme Court set forth the principle of implied powers in the McCulloch v. Maryland case.
5. Understand the relationship of implied powers to enumerated powers.
6. Describe how the Civil War and the civil rights movement contributed to the development of national supremacy over the states.
7. List and analyze the clauses in the Constitution that define the obligations that each state has to every other state.
8. Trace the ways in which American federalism has changed over the past two centuries.
9. Compare the contrasting forms of dual federalism and cooperative federalism.
10. Describe what is meant by fiscal federalism and assess the role that federal money plays in state policies.
11. Identify the positive and negative effects American federalism has on democracy.
KEY TERMS
1.federalism
2. unitary governments
3. intergovernmental relations
4. supremacy clause
5. Tenth Amendment
6. McCulloch v. Maryland
7. enumerated powers
8. implied powers
9. elastic clause
10. Gibbons v. Ogden
11. full faith and credit
12. extradition
13. privileges and immunities
14. dual federalism
15. cooperative federalism
16. fiscal federalism
17. categorical grants
18. project grants
19. formula grants
20. block grants
Describe what the following key terms have in common
1. What do federalism and unitary government have in common? ___________________________________________________
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Federalism: a system of shared power between two or more levels of government.
Unitary government: a system where all power resides in the central government.
2. What do intergovernmental relations and fiscal federalism have in common? _______________________________________
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Intergovernmental relations: the term used to describe the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments.
Fiscal federalism: the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system.
3. What do supremacy clause and Tenth Amendment have in common? _____________________________________________
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Supremacy clause: Article VI of the Constitution states that the supreme law of the land is the Constitution, the laws of the national government, and treaties.
Tenth Amendment: specifies that powers not delegated to the national government are reserved for the state government or the people.
4. What do enumerated powers and implied powers have in common? _______________________________________________
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Enumerated powers: powers of Congress found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution.
Implied powers: powers beyond Congress’ enumerated powers which ensure that it can carry out its duties.
5. What do McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden have in common? _________________________________________
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McCulloch v. Maryland: the 1819 Supreme Court case, which established the supremacy of the national government over the states, included both enumerated and
implied powers of Congress.
Gibbons v. Ogden: the 1824 Supreme Court case which further expanded Congress’ power to regulate interstate and international commerce by defining commerce
very broadly to incorporate every form of commercial activity.
6. What do full faith and credit, extradition, and privileges and immunities have in common? ___________________________
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Full faith and credit: Article IV of the Constitution requires states to provide reciprocity toward other states’ public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings.
Privileges and immunities: the Constitution prohibits states from discriminating against citizens of other states.
7. What do dual federalism and cooperative federalism have in common? ____________________________________________
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Dual federalism: where states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres of power, much like a layer cake.
Cooperative federalism: where state and the national government responsibilities are mingled and blurred like a marble cake; powers and policies are shared.
8. What do categorical grants and block grants have in common? __________________________________________________
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Categorical grants: grants that can be used only for specific purposes or categories of state and local spending.
Block grants: broad program grants given more or less automatically to states and communities, which exercise discretion in how the money is spent.
9. What do project grants and formula grants have in common? __________________________________________________
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Project grant: categorical grants awarded on the basis of competitive applications.
Formula grants: a type of categorical grant where states and local governments do not apply for a grant but are given funds on the
Objective Questions
Objective 1: . Define federalism and explain why it is important to American government and politics
10. Define the three ways of organizing a nation that were discussed in the text.
1.
2.
3.
11. In what ways does federalism decentralize politics and policies?
Objective 2: Describe how the Constitution divides power between the national and state governments
and understand why the supremacy of the national government is the central principle of American
federalism.
12. List the three items that are considered the supreme law of the land.
1.
2.
3.
13. What is the significance of the Tenth Amendment?
14. Explain the difference between enumerated powers and implied powers.
Objective 3: Explain the nature of the states' obligations to each other.
15. Describe the three general obligations that each state has to every other state under the Constitution.
1.
2.
3.
Objective 4: Explain how federalism in the United States has shifted from dual federalism to cooperative
federalism.
16. How is dual federalism analogous to a layer cake and cooperative federalism analogous to a marble cake?
17. Explain the three general standard operating procedures of cooperative federalism.
1.
2.
3.
Objective 5: Describe the nature of fiscal federalism and how states and cities compete for federal grants
and aid.
18. What is meant by "cross-over sanctions" and "cross-cutting requirements"?
a. Cross-over Sanctions:
b. Cross-cutting Requirements:
19. List and explain the two types of categorical grants.
1._____________________________ explain:
2. _____________________________ explain:
20. For what reasons might a state or locality not want to receive federal aid?
Objective 6: Explain the relationship between federalism and democracy, and how federalism
contributes to and detracts from democracy.
21. List four advantages of federalism for democracy.
1.
2.
3.
4.
22. List four disadvantages of federalism for democracy.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Objective 7: Understand how federalism has contributed to the scope of the national government.
23. How did industrialization increase the role of the national government?
24. Why don't the states handle more issues?
KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS
1. Block grants: broad program grants given more or less automatically to states and communities, which exercise discretion in how the money is spent.
2. Categorical grants: grants that can be used only for specific purposes or categories of state and local spending.
3. Cooperative federalism: where state and the national government responsibilities are mingled and blurred like a marble cake; powers and policies are shared.
4. Dual federalism: where states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres of power, much like a layer cake.
5. Elastic clause: the statement in the Constitution which says that Congress has the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying out its duties.
6. Enumerated powers: powers of Congress found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution.
7. Extradition: the Constitution requires each state to return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment.
8. Federalism: a system of shared power between two or more levels of government.
9. Fiscal federalism: the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system.
10. Formula grants: a type of categorical grant where states and local governments do not apply for a grant but are given funds on the basis of a formula.
11. Full faith and credit: Article IV of the Constitution requires states to provide reciprocity toward other states’ public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings.
12. Gibbons v. Ogden: the 1824 Supreme Court case which further expanded Congress’ power to regulate interstate and international commerce by defining commerce
very broadly to incorporate every form of commercial activity.
13. Implied powers: powers beyond Congress’ enumerated powers which ensure that it can carry out its duties.
14. Intergovernmental relations: the term used to describe the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments.
15. McCulloch v. Maryland: the 1819 Supreme Court case, which established the supremacy of the national government over the states, included both enumerated and
implied powers of Congress.
16. Privileges and immunities: the Constitution prohibits states from discriminating against citizens of other states.
17. Project grant: categorical grants awarded on the basis of competitive applications.
18. Supremacy clause: Article VI of the Constitution states that the supreme law of the land is the Constitution, the laws of the national government, and treaties.
19. Tenth Amendment: specifies that powers not delegated to the national government are reserved for the state government or the people.
20. Unitary government: a system where all power resides in the central government.