Review of Laboratory Safety
Review of Research Papers
Review of Cell Structures

Dress Code:
 Wear goggles
 Wear an apron
 Hair – have it pulled back/out of
the way
 Clothing – Nothing baggy,
flashy, flammable
 Shoes – Closed toed, no sandals

General Rules:
 Be alert
 Be prepared
 Ask permission
 No eating and/or drinking
 Know where the safety equipment is
 Clean up after yourself

First Aid:
 Report all accidents
 Know the location of
safety equipment

Fire Safety:
 Wear goggles
 Read all Instructions
 Do not reach over a flame
 Keep flammable materials away from
flame.
 Point test tubes away from you when
heating them.
 Do not heat closed containers
 Assume things are hot

Chemical Safety:
 No mixing of chemicals unless instructed to do
so.
 Careful when touching chemicals
 Waft when smelling something
 Do not taste a chemical unless instructed to.
 Protect your eyes with goggles.
 Keep lids on all chemicals
 Do not contaminate stock bottles
 Proper disposal
 Acid into water, not water into acid - splashes
 Rinse all chemicals off of your body immediately

Glassware Safety:
 No forcing glassware into
stoppers.
 Careful when heating – glass
doesn’t look hot
 Careful of broken glass
 No eating and/or drinking
from glassware

Sharp Instruments:
 Careful when
handling
 Cut away from
you, not toward
you
 Careful with
disposal
 Notify instructor
of any cuts

Living Organisms:
 Do NOT cause
Pain/discomfort/harm to
any living organism
 Respect all organisms (living
or not)
 Necessary handling only –
minimal handling.

End-of-Investigation:
 Clean up thoroughly
 Wash hands
 Make sure burners are off

http://youtu.be/xJG0ir9nDtc

How should you approach reading a Research
paper?

Don’t Panic!!!

Skim the Paper - Read the items in bold (headings).

Understand vocabulary that is unknown to you.

Read section by section.

How should you approach reading a research
paper?

What question (hypothesis) is being answered?

How is the question (hypothesis) being tested?

What was done/measured?

What do the tables/data show?

How should you approach reading a research
paper?

What is the conclusion?

Are you left with any additional questions?

What impacts on society could this have?

Do you see anything that was left out?
Cell Theory:
* All living things composed of cells
* Cells are the basic units of structure and function in
living things.
* New cells are produced from existing cells
Prokaryotes
No Nuclei
Most have cell
wall
All Bacteria
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Plants have
cell wall
Plants, animals
Fungi, microorganisms
Nucleus of the Cell:
Controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary
information. This is found as Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Chromatin: DNA bound to protein – granular and visible in the nucleus.
Chromosomes: Chromatin that condenses in preparation for cell division.
DNA: Coded instructions for making proteins.
Nucleolus: Small Dense Region inside
the nucleus. r RNA and Ribosomes are
made here.
Cell Wall:
Provide support and protection
for the cell.
Cytoskeleton:
Protein filaments that help the cell maintain its shape.
Can also aide in cell movement.
Microfilaments:
Microtubules:
Long, thin fibers that support the cell and aide in
movement of the organelles.
Hollow tubes of protein that support the cell and act
as “tracks” to move other organelles on. They also
aide in cell division, separating chromosomes
(known as centrioles in animal cells). Outside a cell,
these are known as flagella and cilia
Ribosomes:
Endoplasmic
Reticulum:
Golgi
Apparatus:
Proteins are assembled here – made up of Ribonucleic
Acid (RNA) and protein.
Components of the cell membrane
are assembled here and some
proteins are modified. Rough ER
(attached ribosomes) and smooth
ER
Proteins made/modified by the Rough ER
have carbohydrates and lipids attached to
them here.
Lysosomes:
Vacuoles:
Small organelles filled with enzymes that break down
lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. “Pac Man” of the
cell. (Common in animal cells, rare in plant cells)
Sack-like structure that stores materials such as water,
proteins, salts, carbohydrates. Pressure in these provide
support. Small form = vesicles.
Chloroplasts:
Mitochondria:
Photosynthesis (conversion of sunlight into food)
occurs here. Found mostly in plants.
“Power house” – organelle that uses food to
make energy for the cell.
PROKARYOTE CELL
DIVISION
Cell Division called Binary Fission
Asexual Reproduction
DNA = One Circular Chromosome
and Plasmids
EUKARYOTE CELL
DIVISION
Cell Division called the Cell Cycle
Growth and replacement
of old and/or dying
cells
DNA = 10-50 chromosomes per cell
Humans = 46 (23 identical pairs)
Karyotype
 A picture of the
chromosomes from a
human cell arranged
in pairs by size



First 22 pairs are
called autosomes
Last pair are the sex
chromosomes
XX female or XY
male
22
The Y Chromosome Decides
Y - Chromosome
X - Chromosome
23
Cell Cycle:
Phase 1: Interphase
G1 - primary growth
phase
S – synthesis; DNA
replicated
G2 - secondary growth
phase
Phase 2: Mitosis
Phase 3: Cytokinesis
Phase 1: Interphase (Most time spent in this phase)
G1 - primary growth phase
Cell Matures:
Growth and Organelles
S – synthesis; DNA replicated
DNA copied/replicated
G2 - secondary growth phase
Cell Structures needed for division made
Centrioles
Phase 2: Mitosis (Also known as M phase)
Prophase
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes,
Mitotic spindle forms and attaches to
centromeres, nuclear membrane/nucleolus
broken down.
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up at the equator of the
cell
Anaphase
Sister Chromatids pulled apart to opposite
poles of the cell.
Telophase
Sister Chromatids completely at opposite poles,
Nuclear envelope forms, nucleolus appears,
cytokinesis.
Phase 3: Cytokinesis
Division of cell into two –
Division of the cytoplasm by a cleavage
furrow
28
29
Early Anaphase
Early prophase
Metaphase
Interphase
Late Prophase
Late telophase,
Advanced cytokinesis
Early Telophase,
Begin cytokinesis
Mid-Prophase
Late
Anaphase
30

http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=ZEwdd
r9ho4&feature=related
Meiosis – Formation of Gametes
Males:
Females:
(Eggs and Sperm)
Spermatogenesis (formation of sperm)
Oogenesis (formation of eggs)
Two Stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II
During Meiosis I – Homologs form Tetrads and crossing over occurs,
all resulting cells are still diploid
During Meiosis II – Chromosomes are split and all cells become
haploid
Why is this important?
Homologous chromosomes
(each with sister chromatids)
Join to form a TETRAD
Called Synapsis
33



Homologous
chromosomes in
a tetrad cross
over each other
Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are
exchanged
Produces
Genetic
recombination in
the offspring
34
Crossing-over multiplies the already huge
number of different gamete types
35
Lets compare Mitosis and Meiosis –
What do you know?
Mitosis
Meiosis
2
Number of
divisions
1
Number of
daughter cells
2
4
Yes
No
Same as parent
Half of parent
Where
Somatic cells
Germ cells
When
Throughout life
At sexual maturity
Growth and
repair
Sexual reproduction
Genetically
identical?
Chromosome #
Role
37