PTR 211
基于64位多内核英特尔平台的
微软SQL Server 2005数据库
助力企业部署
Microsoft* SQL Server 2005 Database
on 64-bit Multi-Core Intel® Platform
for Enterprise Deployment
课程内容概述
64位计算技术和多内核处理器已成为企业应用的
必然选择，针对新的发展趋势，Intel拥有完善的
解决方案，可以为企业用户提供强大、灵活而又
高效的64位多内核计算平台。本专题课程将着重
介绍在部署Microsoft SQL Server 2005数据库产
品的过程中所涉及的Intel最新技术和产品，以及
如何基于Intel 64位平台和多内核处理器来充分发
挥Microsoft SQL Server 2005 数据库的性能和价
值。
课程内容安排
Intel® Enterprise Server & Microsoft* Solution
Stack support
Intel® Platform Innovations for Microsoft*
Database Deployment
Microsoft* Database solution scenarios on Intel®
Platform
Benchmark of Microsoft* Database Deployment
on Intel® Platform
Summary
Intel® Enterprise Server &
Microsoft* Solution Stack support
Intel’s Platform Approach
Intel Software Tools
Business Driven
Innovation
Balanced Capabilities
Powerful Performance
Scalable Headroom
Higher Value Unlocked
Through Intel’s Software
Tools
Processor
Platform
Architecture
Embedded
Technology
Standards
Memory
I/O
VTune™ Analyzers
Flexible Capability & Compelling Value
告别奔腾时代，进入酷睿时代
微架构
P5
P6
NetBurst
Banias
英特尔® 酷睿™
Woodcrest
Conroe
Merom
处理器
奔腾®
1993
高能奔腾®
奔腾® II/III
奔腾® 4
至强®
奔腾® D
1995
1997
1999
2000
200?
2005
奔腾® M
超越奔腾，迎接酷睿
2003
2006
酷睿™2 双核
2006年6月
2006年7月
2006年8月
Intel® Server & Workstation Platform Roadmap
2006
Intel® Itanium® 2
9000 Sequence
2007
Future
Richford Platform
Madison
9M
Montecito
Montvale
Tukwila
Intel® E8870 & OEM Chipsets
Future Chipset
`
Intel® Xeon® MP
7000 Sequence
Truland Platform
Paxville
Tulsa
MP
Caneland Platform
Tigerton
E8500/8501 & OEM Chipset
Intel® Xeon® DP
5000 Sequence
Paxville/
Sossaman
E7520
Intel® UP Server
& Workstation
Presler/
Cedar
Mill
955X &
E7230
Poulson
Dunnington
Clarksboro/OEM Chipsets
Bensley & Glidewell Platforms
Dempsey/
Clovertown
Woodcrest
Future Platform
Future
Processors
Future Chipset
Future Platforms
Future Processors
Blackford & Greencreek Chipsets
Future Chipset
Kaylo / Wyloway Platforms
Future Platforms
Kentsfield
Future Processors
Conroe
Mukilteo-2/2P & 975X
Forecasted Data
Dual Core
Future Chipset
4+ Cores
64 bit + Multi-core
Microsoft* 64-bit database Roadmap on
Intel® Itanium® 2 & Xeon® EM64T
Architecture
Microsoft* SQL Server 2000
Available on Intel® Itanium® 2 architecture
Microsoft* SQL Server 2005
Support both Intel® Itanium® 2 and Intel® Xeon®
with EM64T
Platform Positioning
Intel® Xeon® processor
Best Price/performance
Broadest IA32 S/W availability
Eco-systems is building out
Large install base and expect to maintain it moving
forward
64-bit addressability with EM64T
Native 32-bit applications for both 32 & 64-bit OS
• 64-bit addressability does not mean more
performance
OEMs are ramping volume
Broadest IT workloads
Intel® Itanium® 2 processor
Outstanding performance across all segments
Need comprehensive RAS features for mission critical
deployment (eg. enterprise database)
64-bit computing & addressability
Need large on-die cache for large data volume processing (eg.
large database)
> 70 OEMs shipping systems (1P~512P)
• Multi Environments Support
Challenging IT workloads, resulting in expanding revenue
opportunity
Support Both Architectures
Based On Customers’ Needs
Sample Microsoft SQL* Database Solution Stack
Microsoft SQL Server 2005
“Choice” for Business Critical Computing
HP Integrity
GCOS 8
Mainframe OS
runs on
NovaScale
9000 series
PRIMEQUEST
(TM), a
"mainframe"
class open
platform,
running Linux
and Windows
"Mainframe
Migration"
programs
available to
replace
mainframe base
with Superdome
solutions
HP NSK
Platform for 24/7
computing with
fail-safe data
integrity and linear
scalability
Positioned for
mission critical,
mainframe
segment
ACOS4 ported
onto AsAmA
32- way
IPX9000
mainframe
designed with
Itanium
Broad OEM & solutions support
in full production for legacy
migration
Marketing
targeted for
mainframe
segment with its
ES7000 Orion
platforms
Intel® Platform Innovations for
Microsoft* Database Deployment
Intel® Platform Technology Overview
Enable Growth
PCI
Express*
Multi Core
SSE3
Faster
FSB
Lower Cost
HT Technology
DDR2 memory
Large cache
Power
management
Virtualization
iAMT
64bit
Platform
compatibility
IO RAID
FB DIMMs
I/O AT
ECC System
Bus
Memory RAS
XD bit
Platform
validation
Sys Mgmt Bus
Mitigate Risk
Products and technologies designed and validated
together to deliver greater end user benefits
Enable Growth
64-bit Server Architecture Support
Eliminates the 4GB memory barrier inherent in
32-bit systems
Same familiar Windows environment
Large databases which need to address huge
amount of memory will need the 64-bit support
Enable Growth
64-bit Server Support from Intel Itanium® 2 Architecture: Explicit Parallelism
Itanium® Architecture
(EPIC)
Traditional
Original
Source
Code
Hardware
Parallel
Machine Code
Original
Source
Code
Itanium® based
compiler
compiler
Sequential
Machine Code
Execution Units unused –
reduced efficiency
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
Multiple execution
units
resources used
more efficiently
Performance through Parallelism (native 64-bit support)
Most database code optimized for parallelism
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
Massive
Resources
Enable Growth
64-bit Server Support from Intel Intel® Extended Memory 64 Technology
Features
Modes
Extended Memory
Addressability
Legacy
32 bit OS /
32 bit apps
64-bit Pointers, 64-bit Registers
+
Additional Registers
8-SSE & 8-Gen Purpose
Double Precision
(64-bit)
Integer Support
Support for flat virtual
Address space
+
Compatibility
64 bit OS /
32 bit apps
=
64-bit
64 bit OS /
64 bit apps
Evolutionary IA-32 architectural enhancements to
support extended memory
64-bit Intel®
Xeon®
Processor
The Technology Inside
What’s New?
Lower Power 64-bit Dual-Core Processors
Hardware assisted virtualization (VT)
New dual independent point-to-point bus
Fully Buffered DDR2 DIMM Memory (FBD)
Intel® I/O Acceleration Technology (option)
Embedded RAID technology (option)
Intel® Core™ Microarchitecture (Q3 ’06)
Quad-Core Support (Q4 ’06)
PLUS …
Advancing All Areas of The
System Together
64 bit computing (standard since 2004)
PCI Express* (standard since 2004)
Intel Execute Disable Bit (standard since 2005)
Intel Software Optimization Tools (option)
Demand Based Switching (standard since 2004)
Intel® I/O Acceleration Technology, Intel® Active Server Manager, Intel® Power Toolkit and Intel® xScale™ storage controllers are
advanced innovation that are options on select OEM systems. Contact your preferred OEM for more details
Engineering
英特尔® 智能高速缓存：动态高速缓存分配
Intel® Core™ Microarchitecture英特尔®
Core 1
Core 2
智能
高速缓存：动
态高速缓存分
配
AMD* K8
Core 1
M
Core 2
M
M
M
M
data
M
cache miss
Confined
1MB L2 cache
Confined
1MB L2 cache
4 MB Shared Cache
* Simulated
graphics. Not to
Scale
IMC
To Main Memory
to GMCH/ Main Memory
出色的性能扩展空间，
MB二级高速缓 Max 1MB dedicated cache
! FULL 4MB Cache available以及4存访问能力
available to each core
to each core
!
More data readily available and
accessible to each core
More cache misses
More frequent access to memory
Intel® Core™ Microarchitecture shared cache reduces
cache misses, leading to more efficient data access
英特尔和Intel标识是英特尔公司及其在美国和其他国家（地区）的子公司之商标或者注册商标。文中涉及的其它名称及商标属于各自所有者资产。所有产品、数据和数字均为初步结果，随时可能更改，
恕不另行通知。版权所有 © 2006 英特尔公司。
组件并未按照实际尺寸画出，模拟图形
总线架构对比
英特尔
双独立总线
更宽的总线，
数据专用
数据和地址
共享总线
AMD* 直接连接
架构
AMD*
Opteron*
全缓冲DDR2，
全部带宽支持全
部容量
Blackford/
Greencreek
芯片组
AMD*
Opteron*
仅限DDR，需要牺
牲带宽来支持容量
需要2枚处理器来支持内
存带宽和容量
I/O芯片
组
单向
2字节宽
共享地址总线
双向双总线
8字节宽
独立地址总线
英特尔的FSB架构具有领先优势
英特尔和Intel标识是英特尔公司及其在美国和其他国家（地区）的子公司之商标或者注册商标。文中涉及的其它名称及商标属于各自所有者资产。所有产品、数据和数字均为初步结果，随时可能更改，
恕不另行通知。版权所有 © 2006 英特尔公司。
英特尔®酷睿™架构5大创新技术
更宽
劲酷动力
英特尔®宽区动态执行
更清晰
英特尔®高级数字媒体增强
更快
英特尔®高级智能高速缓存
更高效
英特尔®智能内存访问
更节能
英特尔®智能功效管理
震撼清
晰
极速缓存
超高效率
睿智节能
“Conroe” 处理器
Intel® Q965
高速芯片组
Intel® PRO/1000
网络连接
英特尔平台软件
& 生态系统解决方案
英特尔® 主动管理技术
英特尔® 虚拟化技术
vPro技术的优势
突破关机障碍，准确管理IT资产
突破系统崩溃障碍，远程诊断修复，IT掌控自如
突破时间限制，随时更新系统
突破被动防御，IT安全双倍保险
突破性能极限，双核酷睿更出众
Lower Cost
Large cache within the CPU
- currently up to 9MB (since Q4’04)
- dual core up to 24MB in Montecito
(2H’2006)
- currently up to 8MB in
Xeon MP (since Q2’05)
- dual core up to 16MB
in 2H’2006
access latency
~ 12 to 15
clock cycles
access latency
~ hundreds of
clock cycles
CPU
L1
External
Memory
swapping
L3
L2
L1
The L2 Cache and L3 Cache are used to store the DB tables/records.
Having a larger L2 and L3 cache is beneficial since larger tables can be stored without
having to do a memory or IO read transaction
Big L3 on-die cache reduced data access latency
for large database & business intelligence deployment
Mitigate Risk
Server Architecture Reliability Comparisons
(for mission critical database deployment)
Intel®
Itanium® 2
Processor
Best RISC
Architecture
Intel®
Xeon®
Processor
MP
Error recovery on data bus (ECC)



Cache ECC Coverage



Montecito

Characteristic
Internal soft error logic check
Lockstep support

Bad data containment



Memory single device error correct



Memory retry on double-bit error



Memory spares, mirroring



Memory RAID 5

Partitioning
 node
Electrical isolated partitions
 node
Other x86
Architecture



 core
Itanium® processor based platforms:
leadership reliability features
 node
 node

Faster calculations handled – Itanium® 2
Mitigate Risk
(for security algorithm implementations in secure Database deployment)
Instructions / clock handled
CPU Architecture
Instructions / clock cycle handled
Itanium 2
6 (through parallelism)
RISC
4~5
More instructions / clock cycle boosts performance in
the looping algorithms that form the core of most encryption calculations
MS SQL* Database with security algorithm implementations
- needed for secured DB transactions
Threading Evolution & Multi-Core
Pentium 4
with HT
Lower Cost
2-way Itanium® 2 Processors or
2-way Xeon™ EM64T Processors
Enable Growth
Dual Core Itanium® 2 or
Xeon™ EM64T
Two independent execution
cores in the same processor
State State
State
State
State
State
Execution
Execution
Execution
Execution
Execution
Cache
Cache
Cache
Cache
Cache
Bus
Bus
Bus
Bus
Bus
2 Threads
1 Package
2 Threads
2 Packages
2 Threads
1 Package
Improve threading support in a single package
Features are for planning purposes only, and subject to change without notice.
Example of a Single-Core vs
Dual-Core Database clustering
4-way Intel® Itanium® 2 processor
based server (single core)
Lower Cost
Enable Growth
2-way Intel® Itanium® 2 processor
based server (dual core)
Two independent execution
cores in the same processor
State State
State
State
State
State
Execution
Execution
Execution
Execution
Exe
Exe
State State
Exe
Exe
Cache Cache CacheCache
Cache
Cache
Cache
Cache
Bus
Bus
Bus
Bus
Bus
130W
130W
Bus
Bus
104W
130W
Bus
130W
520W power required
104W
208W power required
-comparable performance, half the size
-same size, much improved performance
- approx. 40% power required
Dual-core server increased performance of a Microsoft* database
clustering deployment at a much lower CPU power requirement
Features are for planning purposes only, and subject to change without notice.
Energy Efficient Performance
Lower Cost
Enable Growth
Intel® Core™ Microarchitecture
2006 Dual-Core Xeon Processors
Performance
Perf/Watt
4X
4X
135W
130W
95W
65W 1
3X
40W
Performance
Performance
Optimized Paxville Optimized
Dempsey
Q1
Today
mainstream
Dempsey
mainstream
Woodcrest
Today
Future
3X
Ultra-Dense
Woodcrest
Future
2X
Single, Compatible Server Platforms
1
Woodcrest
80W performance version available
Stable roadmap centered
around lower power processors
65nm manufacturing delivers
this value mainstream
1X
Dempsey
Paxville DP
Irwindale
2X
1X
Measured SPECint_rate using system power
Breakthrough Performance
PLUS Even Better Perf/Watt!
Forecasted Data
Performance tests and ratings are measured using specific computer systems and/or components and reflect the approximate performance of Intel
products as measured by those tests. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configuration may affect actual performance.
Power Optimized Solutions for Enterprise
Performance
Optimized
Best absolute performance
Mainstream
Volume
Balanced performance & power
Today
Today
Q2-Q3’06
1H’07
135W
130W
80W
≤120W
Dempsey
64bit, dual-core
Woodcrest
64bit, dual-core
Clovertown
64bit, quad-core
Paxville DP
64bit dual-core
95W
110W
Irwindale 1
64bit single-core
Dempsey
64bit, dual-core
Optimal performance density
65W
80W
Woodcrest
64bit, dual-core
Clovertown
64bit, quad-core
Dempsey, 64bit, dual-core
55W
LV Irwindale
64bit single-core
Supported in current 64bit Intel® Xeon® processor based servers
Dempsey: Xeon 5000 Processor series
1
Ne
w
95W
Value
Ultra-Dense
Servers
Lower Cost
also supported are 95W MV Irwindale 64bit, single-core processors
2
31W
40W
40W
Sossaman
32bit dual-core
LV Woodcrest
64bit, dual-core
LV Woodcrest
64bit, dual-core
Supported in new Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® processor based servers2
Woodcrest: Xeon 5100 Processor series
processor upgradeability within a platform is dependent upon OEM system configuration
WHERE is Multi-core most beneficial ?
Threaded Applications
Most mid-tier and back-end applications highly threaded today
Database, web and application servers well threaded
Gain up to 30%1 performance boost with Intel Hyper-threading
Running >1 application per system (boost cpu utilization)
Most operating systems already multi-threaded
Virtualize concurrent workloads
Server Consolidation
Grid and Utility
Helps increase compute density through better perf/watt
Multi-Threading … Multi-tasking …
Improving Compute Density
All products and dates are preliminary and subject to change without notice.
1
http://www.intel.com/performance/server/xeon/ht_perf.htm
Microsoft* Solution & Intel® Multi-core
platform
MS SQL 2005* is a multi-threaded design
database
MS Windows Server 2003*, MS Windows Server
2000* and MS Windows XP* are also multi-core
ready
Lower Cost
Virtualization
Virtual Machine Monitors (VMMs) Overview
Virtual
Machines
(VMs)
VMn
VM1
VM0
Apps
Apps
Guest OS
Guest OS
Apps
...
Guest OS
Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)
Host HW
Memory
Processors
I/O Devices
VMM is a new layer of system software
Deprivileges OS to run as a Guest OS
VMM can support multiple guest OSes
Emulates a complete HW environment for each software stack
Isolates execution in each VM to support high security & reliability
Allocates platform resources (processing, memory, I/O, storage, …)
VMM Implementation Challenges
Applications
Ring 3
OS
Ring 0
VMM Implementation
Challenges
Ring compression
Non-trapping instructions
Excessive Faulting
Address Space
Compression
Lower Cost
VM
Applications
Ring 3
Guest OS
Ring 1
VMM
Ring 0
Intel®
Lower Cost
Virtualization Technology Solution
(Intel VT)
VMM runs in a new privileged
CPU mode “VMX Root”
Guest OS and Apps run in
“VMX Non-root” mode
Applications
Ring 3
OS
Ring 0
Run in the intended ring
VM Exit / VM Entry
Excessive faulting and
address compression
eliminated by design
New VMM that supports Intel VT
VM
VMX Root VMX Non-root
Monitor preempts VM
execution via new
programmatic transition
mechanism
Applications
Ring 3
Guest OS
Ring 0
VM Exit
VMM
VM Entry
Ring 3
Ring 0
Server Virtualization Usages
Consolidation
Legacy OS/Apps
One machine/One App
Mixed OS environment
Development life cycle
Reliability (Failover)
Reallocate existing partition
Dedicated fail-over partition
As-needed partition
Lower Cost
Apps
Apps
Apps
Apps
OS
OS
OS
OS
Virtual Machine Monitor
Physical Host HW
DB Serv
Web Serv
Web
Serv
DB
Serv
(Apache)
Active
Server
Active
Server
Fail-over
Fail-over
Trial
Server
Server
Deployment
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
(Linux)
(Win
2003)
Web Serv
(MS IIS)
Virtual Machine Monitor
Physical Host HW
Security
Ability to have different security
settings for each container
App1
IT
Limited Visible
Access Only
App 1
App 2
Virtual Machine Monitor
Physical Host HW
Virtualization has compelling end-user value proposition
(one of them is Database failover)
2006 Virtualization Roadmap
Jan
Feb
Mar
VTd Spec
Release
Intel® Xeon®
MP (with VT
support)
“Official
Launch”
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Intel®
Xeon®
DP(with VT
support)
Launch
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Microsoft* Virtual Server R2
availability (with VT support)
- targets 2nd half 2006
Microsoft Virtual Server R2
beta (with VT support)
Intel has the Broadest Ecosystem
Support and Time-To-Market
Leadership for HW Assisted
Virtualization
Dec
Intel Software Tools: Optimize for Tomorrow
Environments
Intel
Software
Products
Operating
Systems
Architectures
Full support to multiple architectures and environments
Intel® Software Development Products
Intel® Compilers
Best way to get application performance on Intel processors
Intel® VTune™ Analyzers
Quickly identify “hot spots” and how to fix them
Intel® Performance Libraries
Highly optimized, ready to use building-block functions
Intel® Threading Tools
Speeds, simplifies development & maintenance of threaded apps
Intel® Cluster Tools
Create, analyze, optimize and deploy cluster-based applications
Intel Software Development Products for
Intel® Pentium® M, Pentium® 4, Intel® Xeon™
and Itanium® 2 Processors
Microsoft* Database solution
scenarios on Intel® Platform
When to consider a Microsoft* SQL
Database (64-bit)
Challenge
Large Working Set Size (>4GB+)
Lots of Buffer Pool thrashing (critical sections)
Complex Queries
Sorts, joins, workspace that can spill to disk
ERP and SCM applications
Large Virtual Memory / Large # Connections
Many open cursors
Multiple Instances of SQL Server
Total memory required is >4GB
OLAP environment
 MS SQL Server (Analysis Services)
 Situation when need huge dimensions supported in
memory
SQL-64 Provides
Large cache reduces I/O
Large cache & higher
parallelism
Large cache & larger virtual
memory
Higher parallelism & large
memory
Larger virtual memory
addressing
MS SQL 2000/2005 32 bit & 64 bit Compatibility
(from Xeon® 32-bit to Itanium® 2)
Same on-disk format for both SQL32 and
SQL64 databases
Procedure to migrate SQL32 to SQL64:
1.
2.
3.
Detach database from 32-bit server
Transfer the file to the target system
(The same process for a standard backup and
restore can be used to migrate data to the 64-bit
platform, by simply restoring 32-bit backup files
to the 64-bit platform)
Attach database to 64-bit server
Clients
Front-end
Application
Mid-tier
Business Logic
Switching the Microsoft* SQL 2000/2005
Database from a 32-bit server to a
64-bit server require NO changes in
the front-end and mid-tier applications
Back-end
Database
Example of an End-To-End OLAP Scenario
[with Microsoft* SQL Server (Analysis Services)]
Business Intelligence
Front-end
Clients
Application
Server (OLAP)
Data
Warehouse
MS DTS
MS SQL
Windows*
ODBC
Oracle*
UNIX
Financial Accounting
HR management
CRM
MS Office* / MS Windows Vista*
MS Internet Explorer
IBM* DB2*
3rd party tools, eg. AS/400*
-Data Mirror*
-Orion Integrator*
Data
Transformation
Benchmark of Microsoft*
Database Deployment on Intel®
Platform
Intel® Itanium® 2 Processor TPC-C Leadership
One of Best Published TPC-C Results on TPC.org Top 10 List (as of 7/25/2006)
Rank
System
tpmC
$/tpmC
Database/ OS
Date
3
HP Integrity Superdome
CPU)
1,231,43
4.82 US
Microsoft SQL2005/
11/28/2005
10
HP Integrity Superdome
CPU)
786,646
6.49 US
Microsoft SQL2000/
08/27/2003
Microsoft* SQL database deployment on Intel® Itanium® 2 processor
based systems are getting into enterprise mission critical environment
(2 of the Top 10 List in TPC-C are Microsoft* SQL 2005* and SQL 2000*
database deploying on Intel® Itanium® 2 processor based systems)
Leading transaction processing with choice
Performance, price performance, and availability from www.tpc.org on May 30, 2006 and are included for informational purposes only. Intel does not guarantee their accuracy.
Performance tests and ratings are measured using specific computer systems and/or components and reflect the approximate performance of Intel products as
measured by those tests. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configuration may affect actual performance
*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
Intel® Xeon® Breakthrough Performance
Best 2way, x86 published results on Integer & Database
SPECint*_rate_base2000
Higher is better
TPC*-C
Higher is better
1.61x
1.49x
Dell
PowerEdge
2950*
HP
ProLiant
ML370 G5*
Opteron Xeon 5080 Xeon 5160
Opteron Xeon 5080 Xeon 5160
2.60 GHz DC 3.73 GHz DC 3.00 GHz DC
2.60 GHz DC 3.73 GHz DC 3.00 GHz DC
Data Source: Published or Submitted results as of May 23, 2006. See backup for details
For More Details – Go to www.intelstartyourengines.com
All products, dates, and figures are preliminary and are subject to change without any notice. Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. Performance tests and ratings are measured using specific computer
systems and/or components and reflect the approximate performance of Intel products as measured by those tests. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configuration may affect actual
performance. Buyers should consult other sources of information to evaluate the performance of systems or components they are considering purchasing. For more information on performance tests and on
the performance of Intel products, visit http://www.intel.com/performance/resources/limits.htm or call (U.S.) 1-800-628-8686 or 1-916-356-3104.
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Summary
Why Intel-based platform on Microsoft* Solutions
More Value
Robust
Long Useful Life
More Capability
Cross Platform Innovation
Multi-core + Hyper Threading (up to 4 cores/socket)
Dual, Independent System Bus with FB-DIMM memory
Intel® Virtualization Technology, Intel® I/O
Optimized Solutions
Intel development, tuning & tools support
Versatility
Broadest base of industry-standard solutions
Industry-Standards
Manufacturing capability = continuity of supply to
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Beyond The CPU
High Confidence
Industry standards, adoption & support
High quality, safety & reliability businesses have
Robust, thorough solutions validation by and with
Thread parallelism started 10 years ago; HT (2 virtual
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