12 CP English
 American
Psychological Association (APA)
style is an academic format specified in The
Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, a style guide that
offers academic authors guidance on
various subjects for the submission of
papers to the publications of APA.
 The
Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association contains
guidelines on many aspects of academic
writing as it is regarded as appropriate by
the APA.
 Among
the topics covered are information
on the structure of research papers of
various kinds, spelling rules, an author-date
reference style, construction of tables and
graphs, plagiarism, formatting of papers,
and much more.
 APA
style is widely used, not only by APA
publications but by various other scientific
journals (including medical and public
health journals), textbooks, and academia
(for papers written in classes).
APA Unit
 Psychoanalytic
theory is a method of
investigating and treating personality
disorders and is used in psychotherapy.
• Included in this theory is the idea that things that
happen to people during childhood can contribute
to the way they later function as adults.
 Sigmund
Freud (founder) believed that the
mind is made of two parts –
• the conscious mind and the unconscious mind –
• and that the unconscious mind often prompts people
to make certain decisions even if they don’t
recognize it on a conscious level.
 First
attempt at trying to understand
peoples’ thoughts in order to address
mental issues
 According
to Freud, psychological
disturbances are due to anxiety caused by
hidden conflicts among the unconscious
components of one’s personality.
 Psychoanalysts
believe that if patients can
understand their unconscious motives, they
have taken the first step toward gaining
control over their behavior and freeing
themselves of their problems: such
understanding is called INSIGHT
 People
who compensate for feelings of
inferiority by acting in ways that make
them appear superior.
 They do this because controlling others
may help them feel less personally
inadequate

Chronic mental condition in which a person's ways of
thinking, perceiving situations and relating to others
are dysfunctional — and destructive.

No regard for right and wrong and often disregard
the rights, wishes and feelings of others.

Tend to antagonize, manipulate or treat others either
harshly

They may often violate the law, landing in frequent
trouble

They show no guilt or remorse.
 Characterized
by a long-standing need for
the person to be taken care of and a fear of
being abandoned
 The
person to will engage in dependent
and submissive behaviors
 Dependent
“clingy”
 Person
behavior may be see as being
fears they can’t live their lives
without the help of others.




Characterized by a long-standing pattern of attention
seeking behavior and extreme emotionality.
Someone with histrionic personality disorder wants to
be the center of attention in any group of people, and
feel uncomfortable when they are not.
Individuals may have difficulty achieving emotional
intimacy in romantic or sexual relationships (“Victim”
role).
May crave novelty, stimulation, and excitement and
have a tendency to become bored with their usual
routine.
 Characterized
by unreasonable thoughts
and fears (obsessions) that lead you to do
repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
 The
person may or may not realize that
your obsessions aren't reasonable, and
may try to ignore.
• This usually increases anxiety
 Grow
up having excessive distrust and
suspiciousness.
 Core
feature of this disorder is detachment
(suspiciousness). This disorder is only
diagnosed if:
• (1) it begins no later than early adulthood
(2) these behaviors occur at home, work, and in the
community
(3) these behaviors lead to clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas
of functioning.
 Anxiety
is a normal reaction to stress and
can actually be beneficial in some
situations.
 Anxiety
 May
can become excessive.
negatively affect their day-to-day
living.

This is different from the normal fearful and
anxious reactions to stressful events.

A serious condition that strikes without reason or
warning.


Symptoms include sudden attacks of fear and
nervousness, as well as physical symptoms such
as sweating and a racing heart.
During a panic attack, the fear response is out of
proportion for the situation, which often is not
threatening.
A
mental health condition that's triggered
by a terrifying event — either
experiencing it or witnessing it.
 Symptoms
may include:
• flashbacks
 nightmares
 severe anxiety
 uncontrollable thoughts about the event.
A
mental illnesses that causes bodily
symptoms, including pain.
 Symptoms
can't be traced back to any
physical cause.
• they are not the result of substance abuse or
another mental illness.
 Not
faking their symptoms.



A severe form of dissociation, a mental process
which produces a lack of connection in a
person's thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or
sense of identity.
Thought to stem from trauma experienced by the
person with the disorder.
Thought to be a coping mechanism -- the person
literally dissociates himself from a situation or
experience that's too violent, traumatic, or
painful to assimilate with his conscious self.

Is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder
that has affected people throughout history.

People with the disorder may hear voices other
people don't hear.

They may believe other people are reading their
minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to
harm them.

May not make sense when they talk.

They may sit for hours without moving or talking.


Marked by a depressed mood most of the day, particularly in
the morning, and a loss of interest in normal activities and
relationships
Some symptoms include:
Fatigue or loss of energy almost every day
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt almost every day
Impaired concentration, indecisiveness
Insomnia or hypersomnia (excessive sleeping) almost every day
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities nearly
every day (called anhedonia, this symptom can be indicated by
reports from significant others)
• Restlessness or feeling slowed down
• Recurring thoughts of death or suicide
• Significant weight loss or gain
•
•
•
•
•
 causes
extreme mood swings that
include emotional highs (mania or
hypomania) and lows (depression).
 Mood
shifts may occur only a few times a
year or as often as several times a week.
 http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/
 http://education-
portal.com/academy/course/psychology
-101.html
 http://www.webmd.com/
 http://www.mayoclinic.org/