Biology 1308, Chapter 11 – Part 1
• Chapter 11 is the introduction to Anatomy
and Physiology with a Human emphasis
necessary to pass the assessment test
• Human Organization of the body: Tissues,
Organs, Organ Systems, Organism
• We will start with “Tissues”
• A tissue is composed of similarly
specialized cells that perform a common
function in the body.
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body
– Epithelial: lines body surfaces and cavities
– Connective: supports and bonds body parts
– Muscular: moves the body and its parts
– Nervous: receives stimuli and conducts impulses
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Epithelial tissue protects underlying structures;
functions may also include:
– Secretion (glands) (ex: sweat, tears)
– Absorption – water and digested food
– Excretion – urine and other wastes
– Filtration – kidney function
11.1 Types of Tissues
• Epithelial Tissue can be Classified According to
Cell Type:
– Squamous: Outer cells are flattened
– Cuboidal: Outer cells are cubed shaped
– Columnar: Outer cells are rectangular
• Epithelial Tissue can also be classified
according to the number of layers in the tissue.
– Simple: Single layer of cells
– Stratified: Multiple cell layers
Epithelial Tissue
Junctions Between Epithelial Cells
Cell Junctions
• Cells with tight junctions: impermeable
barrier, does not allow materials to flow in
or out (epithelium of stomach lining –
keep acid in stomach and not into tissue)
• See Fig. 11.2 (a)
• Gap junctions: membrane channels
between cells; allows materials fo flow
from cell to cell like ions and sugars ( in
heart muscle, cells can rhythmically
contract) See Fig. 11.2(b)
Cell Junctions
• Adhesion Junction: Cells adhere to each
other by filaments, like being spot welded
together (spot weld is the “desmossome”)
• Hold cells tightly and provides strength to
tissue (the filaments binding the cells at
the plaque give much structural integrity)
• See fig. 11.2 (c)
Junctions Between Epithelial Cells
Oh Deer
• City Deer
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Connective Tissue
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Binds organs together
Provides support and protection
Fills spaces
Produces blood cells
Stores fat
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Components of Connective Tissue
– Matrix: solid, semisolid, or liquid (non cellular material – solid to
jelly like
– Fibers:
• White collagen (protein that stretches, elastic),
• Reticular (thin collagen fibers, delicate, spider-web like)
• Yellow elastic fibers, another protein, elastin, more elastic
than collagen
– Cells: various types (more later
– Figure 11.3, pg 201, know this picture
Examples of Connective Tissue
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Connective Tissue Continued
– Fibroblasts are cells that produce fibers and other
substances.
– Loose fibrous tissue support epithelium and many
internal organs.
– Dense connective tissue is found in structures such
as tendons and ligaments.
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Connective Tissue Continued
– Adipose Tissue
• Fibroblasts enlarge and store fat
– Fat is used for energy, insulation, and organ protection
– Reticular Connective Tissue
• Forms the meshwork of lymphatic tissue in:
– The spleen
– The thymus
– Bone marrow
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Connective Tissue Continued
– Cartilage
• Cells lie in small chambers called lacuna
– Three Types of Cartilage
• Hyaline: contains very fine collagen fibers (nose, ends of
bones, fetal skeleton, c rings of trachea
• Elastic: has a higher proportion of elastic fibers, flexible
– (framework of outer ear)
• Fibrocartilage: contains strong collagen fibers, (pads
between vertebrae and knee joints)
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Connective Tissue Continued
– Bone
• The most rigid connective tissue
• Consists of a matrix of calcium salts deposited around
collagen
• Functions: Support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell
formation
– Two Types of Bone
• Compact bone (shafts of long bones)
• Spongy bone (end of long bones)
Examples of Connective Tissue
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Connective Tissue Continued
– Blood
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Transports respiratory gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide)
Transports nutrients and wastes (glucose, urea)
Involved with many aspects of homeostasis (ex. Temp.)
Helps protect us from disease (phagocytes and antibodies)
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Components of Blood
– Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes – anucleate)
• Contain hemoglobin for transport of oxygen
– White Blood Cells (leukocytes – nucleate)
• Fight infection
– Platelets
• Are cell fragments involved with blood clotting
Blood
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Muscular Tissue
– Muscle cells are called muscle fibers
– Muscles fibers contain actin and myosin filaments
• Interaction of actin and myosin accounts for movements
– Types of Muscle Tissues
• Skeletal
• Smooth (visceral)
• Cardiac
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Skeletal Muscle
– Occurs in muscles attached to the skeleton
– Cells are striated and multinucleated
– Is voluntary
• Smooth Muscle
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Occurs in blood vessels and walls of the digestive tract
Cells are spindle-shaped, each has a single nucleus
Striations are not present
Is involuntary
• Cardiac muscle
– Occurs in the wall of the heart
– Has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus
– Is involuntary
Muscular Tissue
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Nervous Tissue
– Neurons (nerve cells)
• Conduct impulses
– Sensory input, integration, motor output
• Neuron structure
– Dendrites
– Cell body
– Axon
– Neuroglia
• Support and nourish neurons
– Microglia: phagocytic
– Astrocytes: provide nutrients
– Oligodendroglia: form myelin
Neurons and Neuroglia
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Body Cavities and Body Membranes Cavities
– Ventral Cavity- Divided by Diaphragm
• Thoracic cavity
– Lungs
– Heart
• Abdominal cavity
– Visceral organs
– Bladder
– Reproductive organs
– Dorsal Cavity
• Cranial cavity
– Brain
• Spinal cavity
– Spinal cord
Mammalian Body Cavities
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Body Membranes
– Mucous Membranes
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Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs
Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective tissue
Goblet cells-produce mucus
Protective function
– Serous Membranes
• Line thoracic and abdominal cavities
• Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective tissue
• Specific names according to location
– Pleural- lines thoracic cavity and lungs
– Pericardial-encloses heart
– Peritoneal- lines abdominal cavity and forms mesentery
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Body Membranes Continued
– Synovial membranes
• Loose connective tissue
• Line freely movable joints
• Secrete synovial fluid
– Meninges
• Line the dorsal cavity
• Protect brain and spinal cord
• Connective tissue
Biology 1308, Chapter 11 – part
2
I divided the presentations into 2 parts
because it was too large a file
Biology 1308, Chapter 11
• Organs are composed of many kinds of
tissues and cells for organs (ex: heartcardiac muscle, neurons, connective
tissue, fat, etc)
• Organ systems are groups of related
organs working together (ex: heart and
blood vessels work together; circulatory
system)
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.3 Organ Systems
11.4 Integumentary System
• The Integumentary System
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Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat Glands
Sebaceous Glands
11.4 Integumentary System
• Functions of the Integumentary System
– Protects underlying tissues from trauma, pathogen
invasion, and water loss
– Helps to regulate body temperature
– Synthesizes Vitamin D
– Helps us to be aware of our surroundings
11.4 Integumentary System
• Regions of the Skin
– Epidermis
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Stratified squamous epithelium
Basal layer produces new cells
Cells harden and die as they push to the surface
Keratin - hardens cells, waterproof
Melanocytes - produce pigment
11.4 Integumentary System
• Regions of the Skin
– Dermis
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Contains collagen fibers that help prevent tearing
Contains elastic fibers that maintain tension
Contains blood vessels that nourish the skin
Contains sensory receptors for touch, pain, pressure,
temperature
11.4 Integumentary System
• Subcutaneous Layer
– Loose connective tissue
– Adipose tissue
• Insulation
• Energy storage
Human Skin Anatomy
11.4 Integumentary System
• Accessory Organs of the Skin
– Nails
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Protect digits
Nail root- grows new nail
Cuticle- protects nail root
Lunula- white half-moon at base- thick layer of cells
Nail Anatomy
11.4 Integumentary System
• Accessory Organs of the Skin
– Hair Follicles
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Extend from dermis through epidermis
Arrector pili muscles-erect hair shaft- “goose bumps”
Epidermal cells in hair root form hair
Cells become keratinized and die as they are pushed away
from root
– Oil Glands
• Associated with hair follicles
• Lubricates hair and skin
– Sweat Glands
• Some open into hair follicles, others onto skin
• Thermoregulation
11.5 Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the relative constancy on the
body’s internal environment.
• Even if external conditions change dramatically,
internal conditions stay within a narrow range.
11.5 Homeostasis
• Negative Feedback
– Primary mechanism that keeps a variable close to a
set point.
– Two components (minimum)
• A sensor
• A control center
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Negative Feedback
A Mechanical Example
A Human Example
11.5 Homeostasis
• Positive Feedback
– A change brings about a greater change in the same
direction
• Example: A fever brings about changes in the
body that cause body temperature to increase
even more (can be fatal)
• Beneficial examples include blood clotting and the
birthing process
11.5 Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Body Systems
– The Transport Systems
• Cardiovascular system-pumps blood to and from capillaries
for exchange
• RBC’s- carry oxygen
• Platelets-clotting
• Lymphatics-collect excess tissue fluid / Purify Lymph
– The Maintenance Systems
• Respiratory system-brings in oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide
• Digestive system-digests nutrients and removes wastes
• Liver- manufactures products, detoxifies
• Kidneys- fluid balance, pH regulation, waste removal
Regulation of Tissue Fluid Composition
11.5 Homeostasis
• Homeostasis and Body Systems Continued
– The Support Systems
• Integumentary system produces vitamin D
• Skeletal system stores minerals, produces blood cells
• Muscular system produces heat
– The Control Systems
• Nervous system and endocrine system function as control
centers
• Direct effectors to become active
– Muscles
– Glands
11.5 Homeostasis
• Disease
– Breakdown in self regulation
– Body no longer functions properly
– Local disease
• Restricted to one part of the body
– Systemic disease
• Affects entire body
– Acute disease
• Occur suddenly
• Usually short duration
– Chronic disease
• Long term, less severe
• Develop slowly