Bio 9D: Wednesday, 2.16.11
Title: Using DNA to Make Proteins (Day 1)

Homework:


Read pages 302-306 in the textbook. Take notes on:
 Important vocab words
 How does the genetic code work?
 What are the steps of translation?
Silent Do Now: (in NB w/ title and date)
How do DNA, RNA, and proteins all relate to each other?
 How is the function of RNA different from the function of DNA?


Today’s Objectives:
Describe the major differences between DNA and RNA
 Explain the purpose of the three types of RNA
 Explain the steps of transcription

GENE EXPRESSION:
USING DNA TO MAKE
PROTEINS
PHA Biology 9
Moretti and Dickson
(Modifies and shapes the protein)
Protein being
formed at
Ribosome
Ribosome
Protein
Protein could go to membrane to be released
into blood stream
DNA
RNA
RNA
(Holds genetic
information)
(Copies genetic from DNA and carries it to the
Ribosome to make proteins)
Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins
[Leave 4-5 lines of space above this, and write it big!]
DNA
RNA
• Stays in the
• Made in the
nucleus
nucleus and
• Copies itself
goes to the
and gets
cytoplasm
passed on to
• Uses DNA
new cells
instructions to
• Holds
make proteins
instructions for
making proteins
Protein
• Used as body
structures
(muscle, bone,
skin, hair),
enzymes,
transporters,
hormones, etc.
Trait
• Observable
characteristic
• “Who you
are”
Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins
Transcription: The process
of making RNA by
copying DNA
DNA
Translation: The process
of using info in RNA to
make proteins
RNA
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
•Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Protein
Trait
Differences between DNA and RNA
DNA



Deoxyribose sugar
Double strand (forms a
helix)
Bases: A, T, G, C
RNA



Ribose sugar
Single strand (can
form different shapes)
U instead of T
(A, U, G, C)
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Base Pairing between DNA and RNA
DNA  RNA
A ------ U
T ------ A
C ------ G
G ------ C
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Transcription: Copying DNA into RNA
DNA
(the red &
green strands)
mRNA
(the orange strand)
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Transcription

Overview:



Steps:
1.
2.
3.

A DNA gene is copied into RNA
Occurs in the nucleus
RNA Polymerase separates (unzips) DNA
strands
RNA Polymerase makes RNA by
matching complementary nucleotides
with the DNA strand
mRNA leaves nucleus and DNA winds
back up!
Final Result: mRNA copy of a gene
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
•Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
mRNA
Video link: 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg
Are we now ready to make proteins?
What do we need besides instructions?

Needed for making proteins:
 Amino
acids (protein building-blocks)
 Ribosome (to connect the amino acids into a protein
chain)
Bio 9D: Thursday, 2.17.11
Title: The Genetic Code


Homework: Finish the Decoding Worksheet if you don’t
finish in class.
Silent Do Now: (NOT in notebook – on handout)
 Answer

the questions on the half-page handout!
Today’s Objectives:
 Use
a DNA sequence and transcribe it into an RNA sequence
 Use the Genetic Code to translate RNA into a protein
Trade papers & correct your partner’s
Do Now
1. mRNA’s job = carry a copy of DNA’s instructions to
the ribosome to make a protein
2. Transcription = copying DNA into RNA
3. RNA sequence: A U G C A U G C A
4. Amino acid = monomer of proteins. You put a lot of
them in a chain to make a protein.
5. Codon = 3-letter word on mRNA. Each codon stands
for one amino acid in the protein chain.
Today’s Agenda:


Do Now
Explanation of the Genetic Code
 Follow

along with the examples on the worksheet!
Decoding Worksheet
Reading The Genetic Code






The letters in the wheel are
mRNA codons
Start in the middle!
This is the first letter in the
codon
Move to the middle ring (2nd
letter in the codon)
Then go to the outer ring of
letters (3rd letter in the codon)
Outermost ring = amino acids!
Reading The Genetic Code: Examples
Follow along with the
examples in your packet!
Example 1: CAG



1st base = C
2nd base = A
3rd base = G
Therefore the
amino acid is…
 Glutamine!
Example 2: GUU
 Valine
Reading The Genetic Code: Longer Example
Example 3:
GCCAGCUAG
Step 1: Break it
into 3-letter
sections (codons)
GCC AGC UAG





Step 2: Decode 2
each codon
GCC = Alanine
AGC = Serine
UAG = STOP (end
of protein sequence)
1
3
Today’s Agenda:




Do Now
Explanation of the Genetic Code
Decoding Worksheet: Work quietly with your
partner at your table to finish the rest of the
packet
Finish it for HW if you don’t finish in class.
Bio 9D: Friday, 2.18.11
Title: Using DNA to Make Proteins (continued)


Homework: Finish the Computer-Based Transcription &
Translation Lab if you don’t finish in class.
Silent Do Now: (NOT in notebook – on handout)
 Get
a lab handout
 Silently read the first two paragraphs
 In the space next to the Key Words, write a quick definition
of transcription and translation

Today’s Objectives:
Use the Genetic Code to make a protein
 Analyze amino acid sequences to determine the shape of a
protein
 Analyze how changes in DNA (mutations) affect proteins

Computer Lab:
Transcribe and Translate a Gene




Get a laptop
Follow the instructions to complete the lab
Then complete Part 2 on a separate sheet of paper
When most people are finished or during 2nd
period, we will watch a video
Seats At Back Tables
Work alone or with your partner but do not talk/wander across tables!
Carlheb
Kayla
Lorreno
Miguel
Marcelo
Samantha
Trae
Nekeyla
Loveng
Owen
Christine
Warren
Davnys
Jackson
Dyani
Joas
Courtney
Hannah
Rayoni
Nicholas
Celeste
Bio 9D: Monday, 2.28.11
Title: RNA and Translation


Homework: Two paragraphs on transcription and
translation (in your notebook – see assignment sheet for
details)
Silent Do Now:
 Get
an assignment sheet and a Do Now sheet
 Get started on the Do Now, then use your notes to help
answer all the questions

Today’s Objectives:
 Explain
the purpose of the three types of RNA
 Explain the steps of transcription and translation
Transcription

Overview:



Steps:
1.
2.
3.

A DNA gene is copied into RNA
Occurs in the nucleus
RNA Polymerase separates (unzips) DNA
strands
RNA Polymerase makes RNA by
matching complementary nucleotides
with the DNA strand
mRNA leaves nucleus and DNA winds
back up!
Final Result: mRNA copy of a gene
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
•Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
mRNA
Three Types of RNA:

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries a copy of protein-making instructions to the
ribosome
 Every 3 letters is a codon
that stands for one amino acid
to make the protein
Three Types of RNA:

Transfer RNA (tRNA) –
Carries amino acids to the ribosome
 Contains anticodons that match up
with mRNA codons to put amino
acids in the correct order
Three Types of RNA:

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) –
Part of the ribosome (helps bond amino acids together)
Making Proteins at the Ribosome
Anticodon
t
R
N
A
mRNA
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
•Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
t
R
N
A
Codon
Translation
Growing
protein chain
mRNA strand
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
•Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Ribosome
Transcription and Translation: Video

Transcription and Translation Video:
17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
•Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Translation Details


Overview:
 The gene sequence in mRNA is translated
into a chain of amino acids that forms a
protein
 Occurs at the ribosome
Steps:
1. mRNA enters the ribosome
2. tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the
ribosome
3. tRNA anticodons match with mRNA codons
to put amino acids in the right order

4.

According to the Genetic Code
Ribosome connects the amino acids into a
long chain
Final Result: A polypeptide (protein)
Transcription & Translation
Transcription
Objectives for Class:
•Describe
Translation
Homework:


Two paragraphs on transcription and translation
See assignment sheet for details
Bio 9A/9D: Tuesday, 3.1.11
Title: Genetic Mutations Day 1 – Types of Mutations

Homework:


Finish up through Example #4 in the Genetic Mutations packet
Do Now: (on the Genetic Mutations packet)
 Answer

Preview Questions #1-3
Today’s Objective:
 Describe
the major differences between substitution and
frame-shift mutations
Gene Mutations Activity: Part I Review

What is a Genetic Mutation?
A

change in the base-pair sequence of DNA
The three types of point mutations:
 substitution
(switch one DNA nucleotide for another)
 insertion (add an extra nucleotide into the DNA
sequence)
 deletion (leave out one nucleotide in the DNA sequence)
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Genetic Mutations Activity




Complete Part II of the Genetic Mutations packet
(Examples #1-4)
Finish for HW if you don’t finish in class
Analysis Questions are not due tomorrow but will be
due later in the week – start them now if you have
time!
Work quietly with ONE partner sitting near you (we
will not have groups bigger than 2!)
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Bio 9A/9D: Wednesday, 3.2.11
Title: Genetic Mutations

Homework:


Study for tomorrow’s QUIZ by answering the study guide questions
(see back of assignment sheet)
Silent Do Now: (in notebook w/ title & date)
What is a genetic mutation?
 Based on the packet from yesterday, what is the difference
between a substitution mutation and a frame shift mutation?
 What are two things that result in a frame shift?


Today’s Objective:

Describe the major differences between substitution and frameshift mutations
Today’s Agenda



(As a class) Review Examples #1-4 from the
Mutations packet
(On your own) Answer the Analysis Questions at the
end of the Mutations packet
(On your own) Begin studying for tomorrow’s quiz
by answering the study guide questions on the back
of the assignment sheet – finish this for HW!
Genetic Mutations Activity –
Substitution Mutations


Original DNA Sequence
Substitution
Changes the
Amino Acid

Substitution/ Silent Mutation
Does not
Change the
Amino Acid
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Genetic Mutations Activity –
Frame-Shift Mutations

Frame-Shift Mutations
 Original DNA Sequence

Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide
Changes all
Amino Acid
after mutation

Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide
Changes all
Amino Acid
after mutation
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Today’s Agenda



(As a class) Review Examples #1-4 from the
Mutations packet
(On your own) Answer the Analysis Questions at
the end of the Mutations packet
(On your own) Begin studying for tomorrow’s quiz
by answering the study guide questions on the back
of the assignment sheet – finish this for HW!
Bio 9A/9D: Thursday, 3.3.11
Title: Quiz – Transcription, Translation, and Mutations

Homework:


None
Do Now:
 Clear
your desks and get ready to take the quiz…
 Start as soon as you get the quiz
 Stay silent and focus on your work.


If you finish early: Do the extra credit reading
Today’s Objective:
 Demonstrate
your understanding of how the processes of
transcription and translation create proteins from the
genetic code on DNA
Bio 9A/9D: Friday, 3.4.11
Title: Sickle

Homework:


Cell Anemia Lab
Write at least the first 3 sections of your Sickle Cell Lab Report
Silent Do Now: (in notebook w/ title & date)

Do a brainstorm about sickle cell anemia:
Have you heard of this disease? If so, what do you know about it?
What do you think you know?
 What questions do you have about sickle cell anemia?
 What else comes to mind?


Today’s Objectives:
Identify important pieces of background information about sickle
cell anemia
 Determine a procedure for analyzing DNA sequences to
determine the cause of sickle cell anemia

Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder
 Read through the Introduction to the lab.
 Watch 5 minute video on sickle cell disorder

PBS Evolution Library: A Mutation Story


http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html
In small groups brainstorm the Background Information
needed for this lab

You should have 2 parts:
1.
2.

General genetics background info
Info related to sickle cell anemia
Come back together as a class to brainstorm final list
Objectives for Class:
• Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and
how it is caused.
Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
Background Information Brainstorm
Sickle Cell Topics:
Genetics Topics:
Bio 9A/9D: Monday, 3.7.11
Title: Sickle

Homework:



Cell Anemia Lab (Day 2)
Complete your Sickle Cell Anemia Lab Report
Silent Do Now: (in notebook w/ title & date)
Today’s Objectives:
 Identify
important pieces of background information about
sickle cell anemia
 Determine a procedure for analyzing DNA sequences to
determine the cause of sickle cell anemia

Valine:

Glutamic acid:
Second Half of Double Block
Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
Individual Work Time…

Two Options:
1.
Type Analysis and Conclusion sections of lab report and
revise your other sections
2.
Guided peer review of Background Information section
Objectives for Class:
• Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result
in sickle cell anemia
• Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report
Bio 9A: Tuesday, 3.8.11
Title: Sickle Cell Lab Report – Peer Editing

Homework:


Revise your lab report and have the final draft printed and
ready to turn in.
Do Now:
 Take
out your lab report.
 On the top of the page, answer these questions:
 What
part of your lab report do you think is the best?
 What part needs the most improvement, or what part do you
have questions about?

Today’s Objective:
 Peer edit lab reports in order to make revisions and produce
excellent final drafts!
Peer Editing
20 minutes:
 Silently read and comment on your partner’s lab
report
 Fill out the rubric and the form on the back
15 minutes:
 Meet w/ your partner
 Discuss comments and top 3 priorities for revision