Falcon Focus
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Use the graph to answer #1
(8-5.1) What is the average speed of the ball?
2 m/s
6 m/s
8 m/s
72 m/s
Essential Question
• 8-6.1: How would you explain or describe a
wave?
8-6.1 Recall that waves transmit
energy but not matter
Waves
What is a Wave?
• Wave is a repeating disturbance or vibration
that transfers or moves energy from place to
place.
Properties of a Waves
• Waves are created when a source of energy
(force) causes a vibration.
• A vibration is a repeated back-and-forth or
up-and-down motion.
• Waves carry energy through empty space or
through a medium without transporting
matter.
Property of a Wave
• While all waves can transmit energy through a
medium, certain waves can also transmit energy
through empty space.
• What is a medium? A medium is a material through
which waves can travel. It can be a solid, liquid, or gas.
• When waves travel through a medium, the particles
of the medium are not carried along with the wave.
• When there is no medium, certain waves
(electromagnetic) can travel through empty space.
Mediums
Waves
Medium
State of Matter
Sound Waves
Air
Gas
Seismic Waves
Crust
Solid
Ocean Waves
Water
Liquid
Closure and Homework
• Answer the following questions for Homework
on a separate sheet of paper. (Monday)
• What causes waves? What do waves carry?
• What is a wave?
• What is a medium?
• Give different examples of waves and the
mediums they travel through.
• What types of waves travel through a medium
and what type of waves do not require a
medium?
Flashback Quiz
• 1. Name the three types of boundaries.
• 2. Explain what happens within the three types
of boundaries.
• 3. Name what forms from each type of
boundary.
• 4. Name the stresses that go along with each
type of boundary.
• 5. Name the faults that go along with each type
of boundary.
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Falcon Focus
Motion 1
Motion 2
Motion 3
Motion 4
30 meters North
20 meters South
15 meters North
25 meters South
(8-5.1) The total displacement for the
object was…
0 meters
20 meters
45 meters
90 meters
Falcon Focus
• (8-5.4) Which would not be a way to cause a
moving object to move faster?
• A increasing the force applied to the object.
• B. removing some of the mass of the object.
• C. applying force in the opposite direction.
• D. adding another force to the object in the same
direction.
• Essential Question:
• How would you explain the difference between
mechanical and electromagnetic waves?
•8-6.2 Distinguish
between mechanical
and electromagnetic
waves.
• There are two types of waves:
mechanical and electromagnetic
waves:
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Mechanical Waves
• Mechanical waves (M & M candy) Medium
requires a medium
• Mechanical waves require the particles of the
medium to vibrate in order for energy to be
transferred.
Mechanical Waves
Examples of
Mechanical
Waves
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mechanical
waves cannot
be transferred
or transmitted
through empty
space or a
(vacuum).
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water waves
earthquake/seismic
waves
sound waves
and the waves that
travel down a rope or
spring are also
mechanical waves
Electromagnetic Wave
• Electromagnetic waves (E & E) Empty Space
• Electromagnetic waves are waves that can
travel through matter or empty space where
matter is not present.
• Does Not Require a Medium
Examples of
Electromagnetic
Waves
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radio waves
microwaves
infrared rays,
visible light (ROY G BIV)
ultraviolet rays
x-rays
Gamma rays
Electromagnetic Wave
Examples of Electromagnetic Waves
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There are 2 types of Mechanical Waves
radio waves
microwaves
infrared rays,
visible light (ROY G BIV)
ultraviolet rays
x-rays
Gamma rays
Mechanical Waves
• There are 2 Types of Mechanical Waves:
• Transverse Waves
• Compressional or Longitudinal Waves
Transverse Waves
• Mechanical waves in which the particles of
matter in the medium vibrate by moving back
and forth and perpendicular (at right angles) to
the direction the wave travels are called
transverse waves..
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Transverse Waves
• A transverse wave is made up of crests and
troughs.
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• Crest: the highest point of a transverse wave
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• Trough: the lowest point of a transverse wave
Transverse Waves
• Examples of mechanical transverse waves
might include water or ocean waves and waves
created from a rope.
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 Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves
that can travel without a medium through
empty space.
Compressional/Longitudinal Waves
• Mechanical waves in which the particles of
matter in the medium vibrate by pushing
together and moving apart parallel to the
direction in which the wave travels are called
compressional or longitudinal waves.
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Compressional/Longitudinal Waves
• A compressional wave is made up of
compressions and rarefactions that travel
through a medium.
• Compressions: the part of the wave that pushes
or compress together
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• Rarefactions: the part of the wave that spreads
or move apart
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Compressional/Longitudinal Waves
• Examples of mechanical
compressional/longitudinal waves might
include sound waves, slinky spring, and some
seismic waves.
Homework/Closure
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Answer the following questions on another sheet of paper for Homework. (Tuesday)
Compare and contrast mechanical and compressional/longitudinal waves. Give an example of each
type.
Compare and contrast a transverse wave and compressional waves. Give an example of each type.
Describe the motion of a buoy when a water wave passes. Does it move the buoy forward? Explain
Why?
Explain how you could model a compressional/longitudinal wave using a coiled spring or slinky toy.
List the characteristics of a mechanical wave.
Extra Credit:
Why do boats need anchors if ocean waves do not carry matter forward?
The average speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/s. How long would it take a sound wave to travel
9,000 m? (Use the steps to work out this problem)
Flashback Quiz: Types of Rocks
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1.(8-3.4) Rocks that form below Earth’s surface and cool slowly are called _.
a.extrusive igneous
b.extrusive metamorphic
c.intrusive igneous
d.intrusive metamorphic
2.(8-3.4) More often than metamorphic or igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks have —
a.a glassy appearance
b large quartz crystals
c many holes from trapped gases
d numerous fossils
3. (8-3.4) In addition to heat, which of the following changes granite to gneiss?
a)
acid
b)
erosion
c)
pressure
d)
water
4. The rock cycle indicates all of the following about each type of rock EXCEPT
A. breaks at the focus
B. changed by forces at Earth’s surface
C. form other rocks
D. provide materials to make other rocks
5. (8-3.4) The process of changing a rock from a solid into magma or lava due to high heat is known as_
A. crystallization
B. deposition
C. erosion
D. melting
Falcon Focus
• (8-5.3) What is the primary force that Student
1 works against in order to lower Student 2?
• friction
• gravity
• magnetism
• pressure
Just do the Essential Question
for today
(8-6.3) How would you illustrate and contrast
the two types of mechanical waves?
Learning Object
• 1. Students will focus on the following terms: friction,
gravity, balance force, unbalance force, and inertia.
• 2. Students will describe the two categories of waves.
• 3. Students will demonstrate the two types of
mechanical waves.
• 4. Students will complete an activity sheet for
understanding.
• 5. Students will complete the flashback quiz.
• 6. Closure
• 7. Students will start on standard 8-6.3
Wave Quiz
• 1. Waves transmit or carry ________
but not ________________.
• 2. What is a wave?
• 3. How are waves created?
• 4. Describe the 2 types of waves.
• 5. What is a medium?
• 6. What are the 2 types of Mechanical
Waves?
• 7. What is the highest point and lowest
point called in a transverse wave?
• 8. What is the area called when the parts
come together and what is it call when
they spread far apart in a compressional
wave?
• 9. How does transverse waves move?
• 10. How does compressional waves move?
• 8-6.3. Summarize factors that
influence the basic properties of
waves (including frequency,
amplitude, wavelength, and
speed).
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• The basic properties of waves
are influenced by several factors.
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Frequency
• Frequency is a measure of how many waves
pass a point in a certain amount of time.
• The higher the frequency, the closer the
waves are together and the greater the
energy carried by the waves will be.
• The lower the frequency, the farther apart
the waves are.
Frequency
Amplitude
• Amplitude is a measure of the distance between
a line through the middle of a wave and a crest
or trough.
• The greater the force that produces a wave, the
greater the amplitude of the wave and the
greater the energy carried by the wave.
• In a transverse wave the higher the wave, the
higher the amplitude.
• Sounds with greater amplitude will be louder;
• light with greater amplitude will be brighter.
Amplitude
Amplitude
Wavelength
• Wavelength is a measure of the distance
from the crest on one wave to the crest on
the very next wave or it can be from trough
to trough.
• Shorter wavelengths are influenced by the
frequency.
• A higher frequency causes a shorter
wavelength and greater energy.
Wavelength
Wavelength
Speed
• Speed is a measure of the distance a wave
travels in an amount of time.
• The speed of a wave is determined by the
type of wave and the nature of the medium.
• As a wave enters a different medium, the
wave’s speed changes.
• Waves travel at different speeds in different
media.
Speed
• All frequencies of electromagnetic waves
travel at the same speed in empty space.
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Homework/Closure
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Answer the following questions on another sheet of paper for Homework.
(Thursday)
Describe the difference between a compressional wave with a large amplitude
and one with a small amplitude.
Describe how the wavelength of a wave changes if the wave slows down and its
frequency doesn’t change.
Form a hypothesis to explain why a sound wave travels faster in a solid than in a
gas.
You make a transverse wave by shaking the end of a long rope up and down.
Explain how you would shake the end of the rope to make the wavelength shorter.
How would you shake the end of the rope to increase the energy carried by the
wave?
Illustrate a transverse wave including the following properties: crest, trough,
amplitude, wavelength, and frequency.
Types of Rock Flashback Quiz
• 1. What processes do igneous rocks go through?
• 2. What processes do metamorphic rocks go
through?
• 3. What processes do sedimentary rocks go
through?
• 4. Name where all 3 types of rocks are found
(form).
• 5. Fossils are found mainly in which type of rock.
Construct & Label a Transverse Wave
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Show High Frequency
Low Frequency
One Wave Cycle
Amplitude
Resting Position
Wavelength
Crest
Trough
Types of Fossils Flashback Quiz
• 1. Which type of fossils forms when minerals
soak into the buried remains replacing the
remains and changing them into rock?
• 2. Which type of fossil forms when a mold is
filled?
• 3. Which type of fossil forms when entire
organisms or parts of organisms are prevented
from decaying by being trapped in rock, ice,
tar, and amber?
• 4. Which type of fossil forms when the mud
or sand hardens to stone where a footprint,
trail, or burrow of an organism?
• 5. Which type of fossil forms when sediments
bury an organism and the sediments change
into rock; the organism decays leaving a
cavity in the shape of the organism?
Flashback Quiz: Geologic Time
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Flashback Quiz: Geologic Time
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1.(8-2.3) Earliest life forms on Earth were affected by each of the following
EXCEPT _______.
a. forming of the atmosphere
b. mountain building
c. unconformitites
d. volcanic activity
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2. (8-2.4) Of the following, the largest division on the geologic time scale is a(n)
a.
epoch
b.
era
c.
period
d.
year
3. (8-2.4) The smallest unit of geologic time is a(n) _______.
a.
century
b.
epoch
c.
era
d.
period
• 4. (8-2.5) Which statement best explains why rock from
the Precambrian time period contains very few fossils?
• a.A global event destroyed all life-forms at some point
during Precambrian time.
• b.During early Precambrian time, there were no life-forms
on Earth.
• c.Life-forms on Earth during Precambrian time were softbodied and left very few fossil imprints.
• d.Precambrian life-forms have not had time to fossilize.
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• 5. (8-2.5) _______ became the dominant life-form during
the Cenozoic Era.
• a. Fish
• b. Insects
• c. Mammals
• d. Plants
Falcon Focus
• Earthquakes release seismic waves, which are
waves of _______. (8-6.1)
• a)soil
• b)energy
• c)soil and energy
• d)soil, energy, and motion
• Essential Question: (8-6.3) How would you
explain the difference between the speed of a
mechanical and an electromagnetic wave?
FALCON FOCUS
• Which statement is true about waves? (8-6.2)
• a) transfer energy from water molecule to nearby
water molecule
• b) move water molecules continuously outward
• c) move matter from the center of the wave in an up
down motion
• d) move both energy and water from one place to
another
• Essential Question: (8-6.4) How would you distinguish
the difference among reflection and refraction?
What’s on the schedule for today?
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• (8-6.4) How would you
distinguish the difference
among reflection and
refraction?
Behavior of Waves
• Standard 8-6.5
Refraction
• Refraction is the bending of waves caused by a
change in their speed as they pass from one
medium to another. As waves pass at an angle
from one medium to another, they may speed up
or slow down. The greater the change in speed
of the waves, the more the waves will bend.
• Refraction of light going from air through a
convex lens, for example, can make images
appear larger as the light waves bend.
Examples:
• Prism, Magnifying Glass,
Convex lenses, Glasses,
Drop of water on letters,
Anything that is being
magnified
Refraction
Refraction
• Prisms or diffraction gratings separate white
light into its different components or colors by
bending the light at different angles
depending on the frequencies of the light
passing through the prism or diffraction
grating. Different colors of light have
different frequencies.
Refraction
Refraction
Reflection
• Reflection is the bouncing back of a wave
when it meets a surface or boundary that
does not absorb the entire wave’s energy. All
types of waves can be reflected.
Reflection
• Reflections of sound waves, for example, are
called echoes and help bats and dolphins
learn about their environments.
• Plane mirrors and other smooth surfaces
reflect light to form clear images.
Examples
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Plane Mirror , The color of
an object & Echoes, Waves
Bouncing off cliffs, ball
bouncing from the wall
Reflection
Reflection
Reflection
Ticket Out The Door
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Name the 2 wave behaviors that
was covered on today.
2. Explain refraction.
3. Give 2 examples of refraction.
4. Explain reflection.
5. Give 2 examples of reflection.
Transmission
• Transmission of waves occurs when waves
pass through a given point or medium.
• Sound waves are transmitted through solids,
liquids, and gases.
• Light waves are transmitted through
transparent materials (may be clear or
colored material such as filters) that allow
most of the light that strikes them to pass
through them.
Transmission
Transmission
• Only a small amount of light is reflected or
absorbed.
• Opaque materials allow no light waves to be
transmitted through them.
• Translucent materials transmit some light,
but cause it to be scattered so no clear image
is seen.
Transparent
• Items can be classified by the way
they interact with light. Materials
that allow most all light to pass
through them are called
transparent. Examples of
transparent items are glass, water,
and air.
Translucent
• Those materials that allow
some light to pass through
them are called translucent
and include things like frosted
glass and wax paper.
Opaque
• If an object does not allow any
light to pass through it then it
is opaque. Most objects are
opaque and include things
made of wood, stone, and
metal.
Absorption
• Absorption of certain frequencies of light
occurs when the energy is not transferred
through, or reflected by, the given medium.
• Objects or substances that absorb any
wavelength of electromagnetic radiation
become warmer and convert the absorbed
energy to infrared radiation.
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Examples of Absorption
• Theater Curtains
• The color Black
Need to Know Information
• Mass is measured in ______________ by a
_________________________.
• Weight is measured in _____________ by a
____________________.
Need to Know Information
• Mass is measured in _____grams or
kilograms_________ by a ________triplebeam balance_________________.
• Weight is measured in
_____Newtons________ by a ___spring
scale_________________.
• 8-6.6 The relationship between the ear and
sound waves to explain hearing as follows:
• Vibrating objects produce sound and that
vibrations can be transferred from one
material to another.
•Explain hearing in terms of
the relationship between
sound waves and the ear.
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• Sound waves are gathered by the outer ear
which is shaped to help capture the sound
waves (energy transferred in particles of air)
and send them through the ear canal, which
transfers them to the eardrum.
• The vibrations of air particles cause the eardrum
to vibrate.
– If the vibrations follow each other slowly (low
frequency) the sound is heard as a low pitch.
– If the vibrations follow each other in rapid succession
(high frequency), the sound is heard as a high pitch.
– Sound waves with large amplitudes push on the
eardrum with more force and are heard as loud
sounds. Sound waves with small amplitudes push on
the eardrum with less force and are heard as soft
sounds.
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• Vibrations from the ear drum are transmitted
to three small bones of the middle ear, which
transmit the vibrations to the inner ear.
• The vibrations in the liquid of the inner ear
cause the tiny hairs to vibrate. The vibrating
tiny hairs transmit the energy to nerves
attached to the hairs.
• The nerve impulses are transmitted to the
brain and interpreted as hearing.
• 8-6.6
Explain sight in terms of the
relationship between the eye and the light
waves emitted or reflected by an object.
• The eye and light emitted or reflected by an
object to allow sight to occur as follows:
• Light waves that have been emitted or
reflected by an object, enter the eye and first
pass through the transparent layer called the
cornea where they are refracted.
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• The light rays are then refracted again as they
pass through the transparent lens (convex).
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• The lens focuses the light waves on the
retina, located on the back of the inside of
the eye.
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• The retina is composed of tiny light sensitive
nerves that transfer the energy of the light
waves to nerve impulses transmitted through
the optic nerve to the brain for interpretation
as sight.
• 8-1.6 Use appropriate tools and instruments
(including convex lenses, plane mirrors, color
filters, prisms, and slinky springs) safely and
accurately when conducting a controlled
scientific investigation.
• Different tools are needed to collect different kinds of
data.
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• Convex lenses are tools used to bend, or refract, light
causing objects to be magnified.
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• A plane mirror is a tool used to reflect light.
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• A color filter is a tool that blocks certain wavelengths of
light and transmits others.
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• A prism is a tool that breaks light into the
colors of the spectrum.
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– To use a prism appropriately, the light has to enter
the prism at the correct angle to the surface in
order to separate the white light.
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• A slinky spring is a tool used to model waves
Use care when handling these tools
when gathering data.
• Care should be taken not to break or scratch
the mirrors, lenses, or prisms.
• Color filters should not be scraped across
each other as they will scratch.
• Slinky springs should not be over-stretched
or twisted.
• Use tools from previous grade levels that are appropriate to
the content of this grade level such as:
• Eyedroppers
• magnifiers,
• rulers (measuring to millimeters)
• thermometers (measuring in oF and oC)
• beakers (measuring to milliliters),
• forceps/tweezers
• graduated cylinders (measuring in milliliters)
• meter sticks and meter tapes (measuring in meters,
centimeters, or millimeters)
• compasses
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plane mirrors
prisms
timing devices (measuring in minutes or seconds)
triple beam balances (measuring to grams)
tuning forks
spring scales (measuring in newtons or grams) to
gather data.