It’s 1783:
We have won our FREEDOM – WE have a legacy of “self rule”…
We are blessed with a vast & fertile land
CH. 9 NOTES
Q: Does America become more “Democratic” after the Revolution??
For all? State gov’ts? Women? Af. Am’s? Indians? Backcountry? Workers?
Farmers?
<Time to Build>

No precedent for a “Republic” on such a large a scale”- Federalist

Papers {Hamilton Jay Madison}(Authors) **** Published during battle for Ratification of NEW Constitution as newspaper Editorials anonymously.**** in support of the Constitution..
Foreign Policy- G.W. → French Rev. → neutrality → Eastern
Expansion?
Western Expansion- fight for adoption of Articles 1777-1781, Land
1.
Would stay together… 2. Or continue democratically

New Institutions
[Trends to Follow]
Slavery- some frees, some not, it grows why?
Women- Cult of Domesticity- Rep. motherhood?******
Ordinance of 1785-NW oedinance of 1787, N/S Conflict- the “west” changes always…conflict w/Spain over right of Transit on Miss. River
 New habits of thought
Q: What principle should guide Foreign Policy?
(Jay-Gardoqui Treaty)
Question: Would the Am. Experiment in Gov’t by the “people” Supreme Court- Created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 – A Bill of succeed? Rights??? Do we need one?
[Key occurrence:] Shay’s Rebellion
“Articles of Confederation” are deemed inadequate &
Replaced by “Constitution” within 10 years 1777 - 1787
[Key Debate]: What form should the American Government take?
Q: Would the President, Congress, or the Courts be dominant?
Q: What should the proper division of authority between the federal (nat’l) gov’t and the states be?
Q: How do we protect the right of individuals against a powerful gov’t? (Fed or State)
Q: What are the best economic policies for this new State
(country)? (manufacturing or agriculture- which should be emphasized?)
Hamilton: manufacturing v Jeff: agriculture
A Nat’l bank, - Loss of Br. Protection(Navy), - tariff rules, - paper $$, - world trade.
Q: How should the Nation defend its self against foreign powers?
TO CONSIDER:
1-Many new state constitutions and the national Articles of Confederation, reflecting republican fears of both centralized power and excessive popular influence, placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship.
2During and after the American Revolution, an increased awareness of the inequalities in society motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments. The Northern States gradually end Slavery. Many State
Governments move their Capital Cities West to reflect the growing power of the “Backcountry” population…influence of the Paxton boys and Regulator movements of the 1770’s….
3 -
POSITIVES UNDER THE ARTICLES : (3) As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, Congress enacted the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 for admitting new states and sought to promote public education, the protection of private property, and the restriction of slavery in the Northwest Territory. Also fought and won the war for independence.

4- NEGATIVES UNDER THE ARTICLES : Remember that the Articles are a
“league of friendship” between 13 sovereign-autonomous STATES…. It is a miracle that they could UNITE and win a war….after the War significant economic troubles nationwide and an inability to give sufficient power to the
Continental Congress (the national gov’t) to regulate the economy leads to:
Difficulties over trade, finances, and interstate and foreign relations, as well as internal unrest (Shay’s rebellion), and led to calls for significant revisions to the Articles of Confederation and a stronger central government.
(Annapolis Convention) and a call for The Constitutional Convention which meets in Philadelphia in 1787…it was tasked with JUST revising the Articles of
Confederation…NOT to create a NEW GOVERNMENT…
5The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of
Independence had reverberations in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future rebellions
.
6- Delegates from the states worked through a series of compromises****
3/5ths, Slave-Trade, Great, and Presidential…to form a Constitution for a new national government while providing limits on federal power. The “Federal” system of shared powers between the States and the Federal (national) governments becomes one of debate and will eventually lead to the creation of the 1 st Political Parties (next chapter) and a competition that will eventually lead to the Civil War….Many of our Revolutionary leaders are present at this convention but…many are not…ie…TJeff is in France….
7- The Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and
John Jay, are published in newspapers in NY to support the ratification of the
Constitution in that state… but….are later read around the world as the greatest set of essays, published using pseudonyms, (89) to explain our system of government…the Constitution is ratified due to the promise (given during the ratification debate in Massachusetts) for greater guarantees of rights which results in the addition of a Bill of Rights shortly after the
Constitution was adopted…in the First session of Congress and led by
Madsion (Father of the Constitution- due to his detailed notes taken at the cconvention, still in use today)
8The constitutional framers postponed a solution to the problems of slavery and the slave trade, setting the stage for recurring conflicts over these issues in later years and will be THE ISSUE as The BATTLE over SUPREMACY (States v. Fed. Gov’t) develops over the next 80 years into the CIVIL WAR…

Sorry for the funky formatting  I was trying something new 
Am. Revolution did not overturn entire political & social system like French and Russian revolution. Why?
Was America more Democratic after the Revolution? (key question)
1.
Slavery Society (Penn. Quakers)- slavery still exists N & S. N states emancipate by 1830’s No states south of PA. (pic p. 167)***
2.
Many states moved capitals westward (increasing power to backwoods voters )
3.
All states instructed in 1776 to create “constitutions” (a fundamental law) a) Written Doc’s * Why important? b) Power from the people c) Weak exec. & judicial (legislatures dominant) why? d) All had bill of rights (****Annual Election****)
4.
Women a) Voted temp in NJ b) ******Republican Motherhood – responsibility of “Mothers” to educate youth & Husbands on civic virtue, on which the Nation depends…
[Cult of Domesticity]**** c) Educational opportunities expanded due to “responsibilities @ home”
5.
Many states confiscate Loyalists property and divide into small farms.
Difficulties after the Revolution
1.
Slavery argument threatens Confederation
2.
Economics issues: *** eventually leads to change a) Infant Am. Industries struggle W/ Br. Dumping/ Am industry had grown before & during war… b) Commerce not protected overseas/ Am trading all over the world… Europe/ Asia/ Africa/ S. Am… c) Inflation 300% States printed worthless paper$- [good for whom] debtors v creditors********

d) Avg. citizen worse off financially after Rev.
3.
Articles of Confederation (1 st Am Gov’t) a) Proposed 1777, ratified 1781- during & after war b) Why Delay? Western land claims 6 states w/none v. 7 states tons
1.
Map p.172****
2.
Eventually all land turned over to gov’t (“For Common Good” of all) for sale & to create “new states” Equal to original 13….Land Ordinance of
1785 & NW Ordinance of 1787
Articles of Confederation
[- 13 “Sovereign” States- Continental Congress “A Loose Confederation”]
STATES HELD THE POWER
Provisions- purposely created WEAK Nat’l Govern.
“a collection of Ambassadors”
*** A loose confederation of Sovereign States
Unicameral Congress 1 house- continental congress
Each State 1 vote
9/13 required to pass laws
**** Unanimous approval to Amend (or change)
3 KEY PROBLEMS
Leads to fear of “chaos” by Elite*****
1.
No power to regulate Commerce → key reason the change is made to the constitution******
2.
No power to tax, had to beg from states
3.
Few courts…had no authority over states or individuals
Powers
1.
Coin$
2.
Raise Army & Navy
3.
Sign Treaties
4.
Collect Tariff Duties (income tax not until 1913 officially) only revenue of Gov’t
Tax on Goods- brought to US to be sold in the country. ******
Some say that (A of C), a necessary stepping stone ton Constitution…held them together during and after revolution…
3 Greatest Achievements Under the Articles ****
1.
Land Ordinance of 1785*** a.
Ceded Western Lands, “old northwest”, Ohio-Indiana-Illinois-Wisconsin & Michigan, to be sold to pay off debts b.
Area surveyed & divided into townships 6 miles Sq. & further split into 36 one mile square sections 16 th to be sold to pay for public schools***
2.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – (HUGE)*****

a.
How to Govern Western lands b.
Temporary Tutelage <How do we admit new states?>**** (Territory Phase)*****
1.
States 1 st become territory (based on Pop. 60,000)
2.
Apply to Congress for statehood
RECEIVE EQUAL BENEFITS OF ORIGINAL 13… NO COLONIES****** c.
******Abolished slavery in “old NW”******
3.
Fought, Paid for, and organized victorious war for independence……?
Foreign Policy Issued under Articles
- GB refused to send Ambassador to US, shut off trade w/West Indies, remained in Forts on US soil (map p.175)***
- Wouldn’t leave forts because US did not honor Teary of 1783….Loyalist land claims & pay debts (leads to War of 1812) *** 3 reasons***
1. 2. 3.
- Incited Indians to harass western settlers***
- Spain-1784 Closed MissR and New Orleans to Am Commerce
-Claimed area North of Florida & kept a fort there @ Natchez
-Also incited Indians to harass western settlers
- Barbary pirates (where?)-N. Africa & Mediterranean
- Attacked US Commerce
- Enslaved sailors and Merchantmen
- GB had paid $$ to Bribe in Past… We didn’t….Thus above at this time we (US) were to weak to do anything about it…but later… we will (Tripolitan
War***)
Economic issues under Articles (HUGE!!!)
- Eventually the turning point for a call for change… Const. (Key**********)
Economic Panic, Country’s Credit evaporating (fighting the War had been costly), States not giving $$ to Congress, States bickering over boundaries, too much
Paper $$, Tariff…
Chaos? Concern for Mobocracy?? No Economic stability
Example*******SHAYS REVELLION… read Brown box p. 176- read document excerpt from Zinn/answer Q’s
Western Mass 1786 - Farmers…many Veterans of Rev…losing farms due to mortgage foreclosure or property Tax delinquencies…usually fraud by wealthy landowners trying to gain good property (becoming scarce)
Daniel Shays-raises an army…demanded state issue paper$$ (easier to pay debts, inflationary) Lower prop. Taxes, suspend foreclosures or takeovers for taxes

Mass. Gov’t- Raises Army and in a few skirmishes defeats the Shayites… Wealthy of Mass fund army…eventually pass debtor relief laws. Shays sentenced to death but later pardoned
*** Shay’s a turning point for Conservative “Elite”… Chaos coming… Mobocracy… Led to a call for a “convention” in Annapolis MD… To discuss economic issues…. Leads to change
The Constitution
“The Change” from Articles of Confederation to Constitution
- Sovereignty of states***
Chaos? Concern for “mobocracy”?
….. No economic stability…..*****
1786- Va calls for convention in Annapolis
…purpose: (to discuss commercial issues)
- only 5 states attend
***Alexander Hamilton, Father of Am. Commerce,
Purposes congress call a convention to [revise the Articles…]
1787- Constitutional Convention
- 55 Delegates – 12 states (no RI)
(19owned slaves) (young) *Can any change occur???
- Completes secrecy/ Armed Guards/ Windows closed
- Lawyers, all properties men…(conservative)
*** - James Madison, Father of Const.- took detailed notes of preceding
(still used today** Clinton Impeachment)
Conn./Roger S Herman Compromise
“Great” *** Senators chosen by state legis. Until 1916
- Bi-Cameral Congress (House and senate)
- House- Bases on pop. (Large state plan) (election every 2 years)
- Sen- 2 per state (Small state plan)
- ***All $ spending Bills/Tax legis. Originate in House
President/ Executive
Powers:
1.
Commander- in- Chief/Congress only declares war
2.
Appointment power- Judges/ ect… for life
3.
Veto power over legis (add)
Compromise on Election:
1.
Elected by Electoral College (Not pop vote )
2.
Electors chose by # of rep’s & Senators per state… 2 votes per(* until 12 th amendment)
3.
If tie, goes to house of rep.
- Jefferson J Adams Paine Hancock S Andrew
Not in attendance… Europe etc… not elected
Constitutional Compromises*****(Scrap the articles start new) [basis for constitution]
VA. - Large State Plan
Rep in a “Bi-cameral” congress based on pop.
Also 3 branches: leg/ exec/jud/checks and balances/ Montesquieu
[Agenda for meeting]
NJ.- Small State Plan
- Rep. in a “uni-cameral” congress
1 per state (like articles)
1 vote per state (1800 & 1824) 2 times in history
3/5 th Slave Trade Compromise
(?) Should slaves count as pop. / tax base
South – yes … North – No
- 3/5 comp- slaves count as 3/5 th for rep. (only GA)
Slave trade continues until 1807, (congress banned- 1807)
Constitution Conservation
- Judges apt. for life
- pres. Election indirectly through electoral college… [explain evolution]
- senators chosen by state legislation…

However it is a balance “Power to the people” (balance between liberty and order with checks and balance.)
- house elected by citizens
1.
Does the Constitution have to be ratifies by all 13 states?
The articles require unanimous approval of any amendment… [RI not at C? so…]
- Each state held ratification constitution
- Special elections were held to elect reps. To the conv.
The delegates changed the process, how.. just did it
When 9(of 13), states approve const. it will go to the supreme law in those states ratifying.
[Debate Fed. V. Anti-Fed.] see chart p.182 
Federalists- Support const.
George Wash, John Jay, James Madison, Alex Hamilton, Ben Franklin
They lived along coast, wealthier, more education, controlled 88 or
100 presses.
A- Conservative triumph???
# The 1 st 5 De, Pa, N.J., Ga, & Conn. (Approved Quickly)
With Penn the only close vote p. 183 chart
#6 Mass was reluctant until “bill of rights” but was still close
#5,7,8 My & S.C. both approve by at least 2 of 1
#9 NH (key because this would pass const.) passed a close vote 57-
46**** June, 1788
** However, VA & NY had yet to decide….**
- VA approved, 89-79 mostly because 9 states had App
- NY- Jay, Hamilton, Madison wrote ****Federalist Papers: a series of articles supporting
App’d (30-27) RI&NC *** last 2 states approved by 1790
- power of federal gov’t “limited” within constitution
)
Anti-Federalist- Opposed Const
Loss of sovereignty of states/ why??
NO bill of rights*****
No annual election for congress
Creation of new gov’t city (dec.)
Standing army
No reference to god….
Breaking rules- How only 9/13 states to ratify, should be unanimous
Sam Adams/Patrick Henry/Richard Henry Lee***bbox p.185
- States righters* - Black country* - Small farmers*
- Debtors* - poor* - Feared an “all powerful” central gov’t

A Conservative Triumph
According to the text…. The minority had triumphed twice… 1 st the revolution, Patriots, then a militant minority of conservatives, engineer a peaceful revolution…that overthrew the inadequate, in their opinion, Articles of Confederation… Conservatism was victorious… safeguards had been erected against mob-rule excesses… Their PURPOSE: TO RESTORE THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL STABILITY OF THE COUNTRY.
Using enlightenment ideas of the Baron de Montesqieu…they change the place of SOVEREIGNTY … From just a legislature under the Articles of
Confederation….to the three branches of gov’t equally representing the people… and using Checks and Balances, self-limiting, reconciling the ideas of Liberty and Order…. Evidence of this remarkable achievement is that both Conservatives and Liberals both champion the Constitution as the heritage of the republican revolution…