AP BIOLOGY 12 LABS
What is the main concept of each lab?
LAB 1: DIFFUSION AND
OSMOSIS
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Semi-permeable membrane
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Must be small enough to fit through pores
Transport proteins
 Active transport
 Glucose/Starch/Iodine
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6 varying M of solutions placed in distilled water
 1 piece of potato placed in 6 varying solutions
 % change =
Final-initial/initial x 100
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LAB 2:
ENZYMES
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Speeds up reactions
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2H2O2
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O2 + 2H2O
Catalase speeds up
This lab measured the rate (what else to measure?)
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Disappearance of substrates or appearance of
products
Normally will have a maximum rate when all enzymes
working
 Stopped enzyme by using acid to denature
 Could use salinity or temp
 Disrupts 4*, 3* or 2* bonds, esp the active site
 KMNO4 was an indicator
 pink meant no more H2O2
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LAB 3: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
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Onion root cells b/c dividing rapidly
(div/elong/maturation, meristem, etc)
 Counted # of cells to determine longest part of cell
cycle
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Interphase (G1, S, G2) vs. Mitosis (PMAT) and Cyotkinesis
Meiosis = reduce chromosome # and increase
variation
Sordaria = fungi with sexual spores that show c.o.
 Measure rates by comparing %
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LAB 4: PIGMENTS AND
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Pigments = proteins that use light
energy to excited ePrimary = chlorophyll a/b
 Secondary = accessory = carotenoids =
beta carotene and xanthophyll
 Separate using chromatography (paper and

solvent, gas)
 Physical properties such as size, mass, polarity
 Rf value = distance pigment/ distance solvent
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Light rxns = capturing of light energy
into electron carriers to be used to fix
carbon
Normally NADP, substitute DPIP (must
be more…)
 Measure effect if (no light, boiled,
combinations)
 Heat sink to remove light
 Spectrophotometer measures light
passing through

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DPIP becomes more clear as it gets reduced
LAB 5: RESPIRATION
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In PEAS!!
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Dry, germinating, beads
C6H12O6 + 602
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6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Measure consumption or production
Respirometer
 KOH removes CO2
 Gas laws PV=nRT
 Loss of gas means decreased pressure
 water moved in
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Don’t forget anaerobic
LAB 6: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
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Transformation
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Taking up of foreign genes into host (bacteria)
Requires restriction enzymes to cleave DNA, ligase to reseal
 Source = bacterial protection from invading viruses
 Use same restriction enzyme
 Need vector (plasmid)
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Heat shock to get plasmid in, CaCl2 to attract
Grow on restrictive media to test
Gel Electrophoresis
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Compare DNA samples (could require PCR if sample is small)
Enzymes cut at sites that are unique RFLPs
Separate based on size using gel with pores
Use electricity as force
Buffer to prevent damage
LAB 7: GENETICS
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Examine offspring to determine pattern of
inheritance
Dom/rec, Codom, Incompl, Sex-linked,
Multiple Alleles
 P1, F1, F2
 Make predicitions
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Red x white (two options)
 Red x red
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Are you statistically correct?
LAB 8: EVOLUTION
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Is evolution occuring?
Hardy-Weinberg
 p+q = 1, p2+2pq+q2=1
 Are allele values staying constant?
 Also help determine % of genotypes

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Black is recessive to pink. Can you count
the # of recessive alleles?
If occuring:
Gene flow, gene drift, natural selection, mutation,
non-random mating
 H-W’s conditions
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Heterozygote Advantage
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“a” never disappears
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Lab 9: Transpiration
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Lab 10: Circulatory
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Different heart rates and bp
PQRS wave
Ecto/Endo
Lab 11: Animal Behavior
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Structures and Adaptations
Innate vs. Learned
Design Experiment
Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen and Primary Production
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DO varies according to temp, other dissolved nutrients
Represents biological processes (photo and resp)
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Photo = produce O2 and produce food = primary productivity
 Gross (amount available + whatever was consumed)
 Net (amount available)
 Light, existing, dark
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Graphing!!
Good titles, Good labels, Good units
 Extrapolation of data
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Design
Control, limited variable, designated IV, DV
 Prediction of data
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