ME 307 Machine Design I Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints ME 307 Machine Design I 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9 8-10 8-11 8-12 8-13 8-14 8-15 Thread Standards and Definitions The Mechanics of Power Screws Strength Constraints Joints-Fasteners Stiffness Joints-Member Stiffness Bolt Strength Tension Joints-The External Load Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension Statically Loaded Tension Joint with Preload Gasketed Joints Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints Shear Joints Setscrews Keys and Pins Stochastic Considerations Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 2 ME 307 Machine Design I Announcements HW #5 Ch 18, on WebCT Due Date for HW #5 is Mon. DEC. 31, 2007 Quiz on Ch. 18, Mon. DEC. 31, 2007 Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 3 ME 307 Machine Design I 8-1 Thread Standards and Definitions Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 4 ME 307 Machine Design I Introduction The fundamental operation in manufacture is the creation of shape - this includes assembly, where a number of components are fastened or joined together either permanently by welding (Ch9) for example or detachably (nonpermanent) by screws, nuts and bolts and so on. Since there is such a variety of shapes in engineering to be assembled, it is hardly surprising that there is more variety in demountable fasteners than in any other machine element. Fasteners based upon screw threads are the most common, so it is important that their performance is understood, and the limitations of the fastened assemblies appreciated. Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 5 ME 307 Machine Design I Introduction There are two distinct uses for screw threads and they usually demand different behavior from the threads : •a power screw such as a lathe leadscrew or the screw in a car lifting jack which transforms rotary motion into substantial linear motion (or vice versa in certain applications), and Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 6 ME 307 Machine Design I Fasteners •a Threaded Fastener similar to a nut and bolt which joins a number of components together again by transforming rotary motion into linear motion, though in this case the translation is small. Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 7 Thread Profiles ME 307 Machine Design I (c) Thread profiles. a) Square (b) ACME; (c) UN, ISO Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 8 ME 307 Machine Design I Thread Profile Parameters Figure 8-1 Terminology of screw threads. Sharp Vee Threads shown for clarity; the crests and roots are actually flattened or rounded during the forming operation Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Lead=L=n p Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 9 Threads ME 307 Machine Design I (a) Single (STANDARD)-, (b) double-, and (c) triple threaded screws. Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Text Reference: Figure page 667 Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and 15.2, the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 10 ME 307 Machine Design I Thread Systems A thread 'system' is a set of basic thread proportions which is scaled to different screw sizes to define the thread geometry. Whitworth, Sellers, British Standard Pipe (BSP) are just three of the many systems which proliferated before the adoption of the 1. ISO Metric thread system. 2. The American National (Unified) Thread standards is used mainly in the US. 3. Square and ACME Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 11 ME 307 Machine Design I Thread geometry The basic profile of ISO Metric threads is built up from contiguous equiangular triangles of height H disposed symmetrically about a pitch line which becomes the pitch cylinder of diameter d2 when the profile is rotated about the axis to form the thread. The distance between adjacent triangles - the pitch - is p = 2 H /√3. The tips of the triangles are truncated by h/8 to form the major diameter ( size ) d of the thread, and the bases are truncated by h/4 to form the minor diameter d1 . It follows that d1 = d - 5 h/4 = d - 1.08 p. This leads to the rule of thumb for suitable tapping size Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 12 Thread Profile For Metric System (M, MJ) ME 307 Machine Design I major H= 0.5(3)1/2 p pitch US N= # threads/in minor a ISO 68= a American National (Unified) thread standard= 60° Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 13 ME 307 Machine Design I Thread Standards 1) ISO Metric thread system: Table 8-1 Major diameter (mm), 2a= 60° Standard thread is RH Specifications: e.g.: M12x1.75 or MJ12x1.75 M = Basic Metric, J = round root; 12 = nominal major diameter (mm); 1.75 = pitch (mm) Tensile stress area At =p/4(dm+dr)/2 (see footnote T.8.1) Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 14 ME 307 Machine Design I Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 15 ME 307 Machine Design I Thread Standards 2) The American National (Unified) Thread standards is used mainly in the US: Table-8-2 (Size designation) use d UN=regular thread, UNR=round root (use root radius) Specifications: 5/8”-18 UN, UNC, UNF UNR, UNRC, UNRF 5/8”=d 18 = N (thread size) UN = Unified, F=fine, C=Coarse, R =Round Root Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 16 Thread Standards ME 307 Machine Design I 3. Square (a) and The ACME Threads (b)-used mainly in power screws Table 8.3 gives preferred pitches for ACME threads Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 17 ME 307 Machine Design I Power screw thread forms. [Note: All threads shown are external (i.e., on the screw, not on the nut); dm is the mean diameter of the thread contact and is approximately equal to (d + dr)/2.] Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 18 ME 307 Machine Design I Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 19 ME 307 Machine Design I ACME Thread Profile Figure 15.5 Details of ACME thread profile. (All dimensions are in inches.) Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Text Reference: Figure page 670 Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and 15.5, the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 20 ACME Thread Properties ME 307 Machine Design I Cres t diameter, d c, in. 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 3/4 2 2 1/4 2 1/2 2 3/4 3 3 1/2 4 4 1/2 5 Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Crest N umber of threads per inch, a Nn 16 14 12 12 10 8 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 Tens ile s tres s area, A t, in2 S hear s tres s area, A s, in 2 0.02663 0.04438 0.06589 0.09720 0.1225 0.1955 0.2732 0.4003 0.5175 0.6881 0.8831 1.030 1.266 1.811 2.454 2.982 3.802 4.711 5.181 7.338 9.985 12.972 16.351 0.3355 0.4344 0.5276 0.6396 0.7278 0.9180 1.084 1.313 1.493 1.722 1.952 2.110 2.341 2.803 3.262 3.610 4.075 4.538 4.757 5.700 6.640 7.577 8.511 Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners the Design of Nonpermanent Jointsthread. diameters, threads perand inch, and stresses for Acme CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 21 ME 307 Machine Design I Mechanics of Power Screws A power The joyce warm-gear screw jack Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune screw is a device that is common to tools or machinery that are used to change angular motion into translation. It is also capable of developing a large amount of mechanical advantage. Familiar applications include clamps or vises, presses, lathes lead screws, and jacks. Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 22 ME 307 Machine Design I Mechanics of Power Screws Weight supported by three screw jacks. In each screw jack, only the shaded member rotates. Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 23 Mechanics of Power Screws ME 307 Machine Design I Example of catalogue: http://www.roton.com/web/quick.power_screws.jsp Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 24 ME 307 Machine Design I Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Vehicle Screw Jack Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 25 ME 307 Machine Design I Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 26 ME 307 Machine Design I Power Screw with collar Different types of collars Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 33 Slide 27