GROUPS AND TEAMS.
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Groups
 Definition
Two or more
individuals, interacting and
interdependent, who come
together to achieve particular
objectives.
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Formal and informal groups
(1). Formal groups
……..are those defined by organizational
structure with designated work assignments and
establishing tasks.
 For example: the six members making up an airline flight
crew are a formal group.
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Formal and informal groups
(2). Informal groups
…….are those neither
formally structured nor organizationally
determined. These groups are natural
formations in the work environment that
appear in response to the need for social
contact.
For example : three employees from different
departments who regularly eat their lunch
together is an informal group.
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Classifying Groups
(1).Formal
group
(2).Informal
Command Groups
Task Groups
group
Interest Groups
Friendship Groups
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ORGANIZATION
BEHAVIOR
Four Types of Groups
 Command group.
– determined by the organization chart.
It is composed of individuals who directly report to a
given manager. An elementary school principal and her
18 teachers form a command group. or the area sales
manager along with his sales force.
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Four Types of Groups
 Task group
– it is also organizationally determined represent
those working together to complete a job task, however a task
group’s boundaries are not limited to its immediate
hierarchical superior. For instance the hiring of new
employees can be a task which can involve GM, HR manager
and a particular functional manager.
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Four Types of Groups
 Interest group
are such groups that affiliate to attain
a specific objective of shared interest. for
example employees who come together to have
their vacations schedules altered, to support a
colleague who has been fired or to seek
improvement in working conditions is an
interest group.
 Friendship group – members have one or more
common characteristics. for example similar age
or holding similar political views
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Conti…
Security
SelfEsteem
Status
What
Makes
People
Join
Groups?
Power
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
Affiliation
Goal
Achievement
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Why People Join Groups
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Stages of Group Development
Stage II
Storming
Stage I
Forming
Stage III
Norming
Stage IV
Performing
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
Stage V
Adjourning
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Stages of Group Development
Groups generally pass through a standardized sequence in
their evolution. we call this sequence the five stage
model of group. Forming, storming, Norming
performing and adjourning.
The first stage forming
is characterized by a great deal of
uncertainty about the group purpose, structure and
leadership. members are uncertain about what type of
behavior is acceptable. This stage is complete when
members have begun to think themselves as part of a group.
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Stages of Group Development
2.The storming stage
is one of the intragroup conflict.
members accept the existence of the group, but
there is a resistance to the constraints that the
group imposes on individuals.
 Furthermore there is conflict over who will
control the group. When this stage is complete,
there will be a relatively clear hierarchy of
leadership within the group.

ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Stages of Group Development
3.The Norming stage
The Norming stage completes
when close relationships have been developed and the
group demonstrates cooperation.
 Cooperation further develops common set of
expectations from the group members which defines their
behavior.
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Stages of Group Development
 The fourth stage is performing.
The group structure becomes fully functional
and group energy moves from getting to know
and understand each other to performing a
task at hand.
 For permanent work groups performing is the
last stage of their development, however for
temporary committees, task forces or other
similar groups that have a limited task to
perform, there is an adjourning stage.
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Stages of Group Development
5. Adjourning stage.
In this stage the group prepares for its
disbandment, where high task performance is no longer the
group’s priority, instead attention is directed toward
wrapping up activities.
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Identity
Expectations
Group
Roles
Conflict
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ORGANIZATION
BEHAVIOR
Perception
Roles
According to Shakespeare all the world is a stage and all the
men and women are players. similarly all the group members
are actors.
Role is defined as……to engage in a set of
expected behavior that are related to occupying a given
position in a social unit.
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Role identity
 Role Identity – the ability to recognize attitudes and
behaviors consistent with a role.
 When workers are promoted to supervisory positions
vital changes are observed in their behavior with other
workers.
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Role perception and role expectation
 Role Perception –
our view of how we’re supposed to act in a
given situation is called role perception.
 Role Expectations –
how others believe you should act in a
given situation is called role expectation.
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Cohesiveness
The degree to which members of the group are attracted
to each other and motivated to stay in the group
Related to the group’s productivity
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Group Decision Making
Advantages
Disadvantages

More Diversity of Views

Dominant Individuals

Increased information

Unclear Responsibility

Higher-quality decisions
 Time and money costs

Improved Commitment

Increased acceptance
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ORGANIZATION
BEHAVIOR
Conformity pressures
Group Decision Making
Groupthink
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ORGANIZATION
BEHAVIOR
Group shift
Symptoms of Groupthink
Group members decrease any resistance to their assumptions
Members pressure any doubters to support the alternative
favored by the majority Group interprets members’ silence
as a “yes” vote for
the majority
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
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Groupshift
 Decision of the group reflects the dominant decision-
making norm that develops during the group’s discussion
 Exaggerates the initial
position of the
members and more
often to greater risk
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