Jordan S.
Kelsey G.
Jena P.
Sam P.
• A network of glands that secrete
hormones, which travel in the
bloodstream and affect the
functioning of target cells
• Work alongside the nervous
system
• Maintaining homeostasis
throughout the body through
feedback mechanisms
Endocrine
Exocrine
• Secrete hormones into • Secrete fluids out of
the internal
the body
environment
• Ex: Sweat and oils
• Diffuse into the
interstitial fluid into
the bloodstream and
act on target cells
• Most are steroids synthesized from
cholesterol
• Or they are amines, peptides, proteins or
glycoproteins produced from amino acids,
or non-steroid hormones
• Stimulate changes in target cells
• Cannot dissolve in water but can in lipid
• Thus allowing them to enter through the target
cell membrane
• Steroid bonds to a receptor and triggers
transcription of specific regions of DNA
resulting in mRNA
• Weakly bound to plasma
• Released in large quantities near their target
cells
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaMKuXKZ70g
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Usually bind receptors in target cell membranes
Activates adenylate cylase
Then catalyzes conversion of ATP to cAMP
cAMP promotes a series of reactions leading to
cellular changes linked with the hormones action
• These hormones do not penetrate the cell
membrane into the nucleus as steroid hormones
do
• Nervous system works to control secretion within
the endocrine system
• Nerve impulse is transmitted through the neuron
• Reaches the glandular cells to secrete a
hormone into the bloodstream or to stop the
hormone
• Hormone responds to target cells
• Has no effect on other cells
• Endocrine glands are located in:
oBrain
oThroat
oUpper abdominal region
oPelvic Region
• Secrete hormones internally
Located at the base of the brain where the
pituitary stalks connect it to the hypothalamus
Anterior
Posterior
• Growth hormone
• Prolactin
• Thyroid Stimulating
hormone
• Adrenocorticotropic
hormone
• Follicle stimulating
hormone
• Luteinizing hormone
• Antidiuretic hormone
• Oxytocin
• Attached to the pituitary gland by the pituitary
stalk
• In charge of releasing the nerve impulses to the
posterior pituitary which then signals the
hormone release
• Controls the secretion of the anterior pituitary
• Thyrotropic releasing hormone
• Corticotropin releasing hormone
• Located just below the larynx on either
side and in front of the trachea
• Thyroxine
• Triodothyronine
• Calcitonin
• Consists of 2 parts: adrenal medulla
and the adrenal cortex
• The adrenal glad is located right above
the kidneys
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Cortex
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
• Aldosterone
• Cortisol
• Sex hormones
• 2 Main reproductive organs that secrete
important hormones are the ovaries and
testes
• Located in the pelvic region of the body
Ovaries
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
Testes
• Testosterone
• Digestive juice secreting exocrine
gland
• A hormone secreting endocrine gland
located posterior to the stomach and
behind the parietal peritoneum
• Glucagon
• Insulin
• Located deep between the
cerebral hemispheres
• Attaches to the upper portion of
the thalamus
• Melatonin
• Usually 4 parathyroid glands
• Located on the posterior surface
of the thyroid gland
• Parathyroid hormone(PTH)
• Lies in the mediastinum posterior to
the sternum and between the lungs
• Large in young kids but shrinks
after puberty and with age
• Thymosins
• A way of controlling hormone secretion
• An endocrine gland or system controlling it
senses the concentration of the hormone
the gland secretes, a process the hormone
controls, or an action the hormone has on
the internal environment
• Diabetes: person has high blood glucose
• Insulin production in inadequate or the body’s
cells do not respond properly to insulin, or
both
• Adrenocortical Carcinoma: rare disease in
which malignant(cancer) cells form in the outer
layer of the adrenal gland
• Growth Disorders
• body produces too much growth hormone,
gigantism or acromegaly can occur
•Too little growth hormone results a condition
called growth hormone deficiency
• Can cause children to grow more slowly than
normal