APUSH REVIEW
TEST – MAY 15, 8 AM
80 M.C. (55 minutes)
1 DBQ, 2 FRQ’S (15 minutes
planning, 115 minutes writing)
Jamestown - 1607
• English settlement – Virginia
Company, James I
• Joint-Stock company - $ from gold
• Problems – lazy, disease, Indians, famine,
poor leadership, no structure
• Tobacco – John Smith & J Rolfe
• Brought riches to the area
• Created a need for labor
• “Rights of Englishmen” & House of
Burgesses (1619)
Jamestown - 1607
• Indentured Servants & Headright
System
• I.S. – free passage to colony in exchange
for labor
• 50 acres of land for every person you
brought over
• Lead to civil unrest and rebellion
(Bacon’s Rebellion)
• Loses charter in 1624 – Royal Colony
Pilgrims & Puritans –
Plymouth
• Religious motivation not $
• Church of England – James I the
church was split – “Separatists”
• James was threatened by them
• 1620 – The Mayflower – Plymouth – ½
died first winter then prosperity due
to strong leaders.
• Mayflower Compact – earlier form of
self-gov’t – defined gov’t duties
Pilgrims & Puritans –
Plymouth
• Leaders – Miles Standish,
William Bradford.
• Economy – Indian trade, fish, fur,
lumber
Puritans –
Massachusetts Bay
• 1629 Royal charter – Mass. Bay
Company
• John Winthrop – City On A Hill (1630)
• White, male, property-owners had
political & voting rights
• Zero religious tolerance – Puritan Work
Ethic
• Halfway Covenant – 1660’s – could join
church without being “saved” – decline
of power of church
Bacon’s Rebellion –
1676 Virginia
• Gov Berkeley – favored large
landowners and Indian trade
• Backcountry farmers threatened
by Indians – Berkeley is no help
• East v West – Rich v Poor – colonists v
gov’t
• *Significance – led to relying upon
slave labor
Mercantilism – Salutary
Neglect
• Accumulation of wealth determines
political/military strength
• Colonies are there for motherland
• Navigation Acts (1650-73)
• Only English ships, ports, export to
England only
• Positives – shipbuilding, protection, tobacco
• Negatives – limiting, low prices for crops, high
prices for finished goods
• Salutary Neglect – enforcement was
lacking – let colonies run themselves
=>self-gov’t and that expectation
French & Indian War
(1754-1763)
• Britain v French for control of
Ohio River Valley
• French built series of forts – Fort
Duquesne (Pittsburgh)
• G.Washington sent in July, 1754
• General E Braddock – defeat
• Algonquin allied with French
French & Indian War
(1754-1763)
• Albany Plan of Union – 1754 –
first attempt of colonies to
organize (Ben Franklin)
• Inter-colonial gov’t – troops, taxes
for defense
• Failure – colonies were greedy and
jealous
French & Indian War
(1754-1763)
• General Wolfe – storms Quebec,
1759
• 1763 – Treaty of Paris
• Britain – got French colonies and
Spanish Florida
• Spain – got western territories in
exchange
• *Significance – end of French
influence and beginning of colonial
resentment of the crown; end of
Salutary Neglect
Proclamation of 1763
• Due to Pontiac’s Rebellion no
colonial expansion west of
Appalachian Mountains
• Moved West in droves…….
New Taxes &
Regulations
• Sugar Act
• Quartering Act
• Stamp Act – 1765 – all printed
materials had to have a stamp
(first direct tax)
• Stamp Act Congress – 1765 –
demand repeal.
• Sons of Liberty, violence, etc.
New Taxes &
Regulations
• See the hand-out entitled, “The
Path To Revolution”
Great Awakening –
1730’s
• First “American” movement –
Religious movement
• Jonathan Edwards – “Sinners in
the hands of an angry God”
• George Whitefield
• Old Lights v New Lights
• New Sects – Baptist, Methodist
Day #2
Deism – Founding
Fathers’ Beliefs
• God plays a minimal role in life
• Emphasized reason, science,
natural rights of men
• John Locke
• Rousseau
First Continental
Congress
• September 1774 – Goal: How to
react to the Intolerable Acts?
• Important point – Colonists sought
resolution, not revolution
• Typical FRQ – Was the American
Revolution truly a revolution, or
simply an evolution of liberties and
democracy?
First Continental
Congress
• Economic boycott of England
• Declaration of Rights &
Grievances
• The Association
• May 1775, agree to meet as 2nd
Continental Congress
The Shot Heard ‘Round
The World
• Battles of Lexington and
Concord
• 4-18-1775
2nd Continental
Congress
• May 1775 – G. Washington
• New Englanders want Independ.
• Middle Colonies want compromise
• Declaration of Causes & Necessities for
Taking Up Arms (T. Jefferson)
• Olive Branch Petition (July)
• King – NO! (August) “Prohibitory Act”
Common Sense
• January 1776
• Thomas Paine
• A call for independence – King
doesn’t make sense and is often
corrupt.
Declaration of
Independence
• Thomas Jefferson – 7-4-1776
• Patriots – mostly New England
• Loyalists – NY, NJ – wealthy,
clergy
Battle at Saratoga
• Turning Point – American
confidence, Britain changes
strategy, FRANCE OPENLY
HELPS AMERICANS!!
Treaty of Paris - 1783
• U.S. Independent
• Western boundary – Mississippi
River
• Fishing rights off of Canada
• Americans pay debts to British
merchants and return Loyalists’
lands.
General Wishes for New
Government
• List of rights
• 3 branches with sep. powers
• Vote = all white, male, propertyowners
• Higher land requirements for
holding office
Articles of
Confederation
• Discussed earlier
Constitutional
Convention
• Summer 1787
• Washington – Chair
• Madison – author
• Hamilton, Morris, Dickinson –
leaders
• GOAL – strong government
• QUESTION – revise or create?
Federalists v. AntiFederalists
• Federalists (wealthy, eastern)
• Strong central government
• Well organized
• Assume all natural rights
• Anti-Federalists (western,
farmers)
• Limits democracy & state’s rights
Federalists Papers
• 87 essays
• Madison, Hamilton, Jay – written
to be published in NY to influence
the state to ratify the new
Constitution
• *Promised Bill of Rights
Hamilton’s Bank…..
• Uses the “elastic clause” of
what is “necessary and proper”
to justify Bank of US
• Pay off debts at face value –
assume state debt
• Protective tariff
• Bank to deposit $ - $ creation
• Excise Tax – Whiskey (Whiskey
Rebellion)
Loose v. Strict
Constructionists!
• POTENTIAL DBQ!!!
• Loose – believed “elastic
clause” allowed US to set up
powers NOT listed in the
Constitution (Hamilton)
• Strict – If it’s not listed in the
Constitution, the Gov’t CANNOT
do it (Jefferson)
Washington
• 1793 – Proclamation of Neutrality –
nation too weak.
• 1796 – Farewell
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No
No
No
No
No
entangling alliances
European dealings
political parties
sectionalism
debt
• Philosophy until 1900 – Spanish-American War
John Adams
• XYZ Affair – French seizing U.S.
merchant ships
• We send delegates – they are
asked to send a bribe
• U.S. citizens furious, demand war
• Adams avoids war!
• A lot of criticism from public and
papers
John Adams
• 1798 Alien & Sedition Acts –
meant to quiet his critics
• Must live here 14 years, not 5
• Deport potentially harmful people
• Illegal to print anything about
president.
• Expires 1800 – in case he loses reelection….. Which, he does
Compact Theory – T.
Jefferson
• KY and VA Resolutions
• States entered into a contract
(compact) with Federal
government – have the right to
refuse laws
Thomas Jefferson
• The “Revolution of 1800”
• Peaceful transfer of power from
Federalists to DemocraticRepublicans.
• Remember, the election was a tie
between T.J. and Burr – went to
House of Representatives for vote
Thomas Jefferson
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National Bank stayed
Neutrality
Small government & military
Eliminated excise tax
Day 3 – What you need!
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The Evolution of Democracy…
National Bank
Judicial Nationalism
Expansion of the U.S.
Westward Expansion – A Force..
Freedom of the Seas
Compromises and the Union
Political Parties Summary
Supreme Court
Louisiana Purchase
• 1802 Spain revoked right to use
port of New Orleans (right of
deposit)
• Needed it for trade and to keep
foreign powers out
• 1803 – Napoleon $15 million
• 2x size of US, removed foreign
powers, extension of frontier
Marbury v. Madison
• “Midnight Judges” appt by Adams
• Madison is Sec of State – told not to deliver
commission to Marbury.
• Marbury sued
• John Marshall – Judiciary Act of 1789 is
unconstitutional; therefore making a law of
Congress unconstitutional establishes
supremacy of S.C.
Jefferson & Foreign
Troubles
• Barbary Pirates
• Napoleonic war affecting trade
(Embargo Act of 1807) The “O
Grab Me”
• Leopard v. Chesapeake
Cult of Domesticity
• I.E. Republican Motherhood
• Job of all mothers to educate
children to be good little
democratic citizens!
Election of 1808
• James Madison (VP) wins
easily, but Federalists increase
in Congress due to Embargo of
1807
• To Fix Economy:
• Nonintercourse Act of 1809
• Macon’s Bill No.2
War of 1812
• British impressment and
Freedom of the Seas
• Tecumseh & The Prophet
(Natives being helped by
Britain)
• War Hawks – Clay and Calhoun
• Defend honor, get Canada, destroy
N.A’s on frontier
War of 1812
• Invasion of Canada – failure!
• Canadians burn D.C.
• Jackson wins at Battle of New
Orleans (AFTER war is over)
War of 1812
• Treaty of Ghent (Belgium)
• End fighting
• All territory remained same
• Boundary settled
• Hartford Convention –
Federalists tried to secede from
Union – failure – end to
Federalists!
War of 1812
• Effects:
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End to Federalists
Set precedent for nullification
Natives left with no allies
U.S. factories became selfsufficient
• War heroes (Jackson & Harrison)
• ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS!!
Lowell System
• System of factories in N.E. that
ran like a college campus
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Young girls lived on site
Worked until married
Very efficient
Eli Whitney’s “interchangeable
parts”
Cotton Gin
• Eli Whitney – 1793
• Transformed the south –
sprawling plantations and slave
labor
Monroe Doctrine – 1823
• Written by John Quincy Adams
• No parts of the Americas are to be
colonized
• All European powers need to stay
out of Western Hemisphere
• Would not be used for a number of
years…..
• T.R. and his “Big Stick” policy
American System – 1816
• Henry Clay of KY – The Great Compromiser
• High protective tariffs – money
generated would pay for….
• Internal improvements – Madison and
Monroe vetoed this aspect, leaving it up
to states to build roads and canals
• National Bank – Second Bank of the
United States 1816
Erie Canal - 1825
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New York
Economic Growth
Lower food prices
More immigration West
Strong ties between North &
West
• South is isolated
Corrupt Bargain –
Election of 1824
• Adams, Clay, Crawford, Jackson
(candidates)
• Jackson wins popular vote – not
electoral college
• Clay uses his pull in H.O.R. to
win presidency for J.Q. Adams
• Clay is Sec. of State
Tariff of Abominations
1828
• John Q. Adams – high protective tariffs. Denounced
by South – John Calhoun (V.P.) under Jackson
• Nullification Theory – states have the right to
declare federal laws “null and void”
• Webster-Hayne Debates
• Webster – “Our federal union, it must be
preserved.
• Hayne – “The Union, next to our liberties, most
dear!”
• Jackson threatened military – “Force Bill”
Andrew Jackson
• See hand-outs!
Day 4 - What you need
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Women’s Movement During…
Anti-Slavery Societies
Political Parties Summary
3rd Parties
Expansion of the US
Supreme Court Cases
Immigration & Nativism
• 1830-1860 – 4 million
immigrants
• Fast & cheap transportation
• Famines & revolutions in Europe
• Economic & political opportunity
• Supreme Order of the S.S.B
(Know-Nothings)
• Anti-Catholic, anti-foreigners
Transcendentalists
• Use your intuition and discover
one’s self by looking for God in
nature
• Criticized materialism, slavery
• Ralph Waldo Emerson –
nationalistic spirit and selfreliance
• Thoreau – Walden & On Civil
Disobedience
Trans. & Communities
• Shakers
• Brook Farm
• Oneida
Mexico
• By 1830 white settlers
outnumbered Mexican citizens
• 1829 – outlawed slavery, forced
conversion to Catholicism
• 1834 Santa Anna takes over –
forces laws
• 1836 – Sam Houston declares
Texas an indep. republic
1844 Election
• Democrats
• Van Buren – anti-annexation
• Calhoun – pro-annexation
• Polk – compromise “Dark Horse”
• Whigs
• Henry Clay – tried to remain ambiguous
re; Texas
• Causes him to lose NY and election
Annexation
• Tyler used a joint resolution to
annex Texas – simple majority
• Polk sends Slidell to buy CA and
NM, settle boundary dispute
• Taylor sent to Rio Grande –
Mexicans attack = war!
• Lincoln’s “Spot Resolution”
Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo
• Mexican Cession – 1848
• Rio Grande is border
• $15 million plus claims
• Wilmot Proviso – Forbade
slavery in Mexican Cession.
• Never law, led to increased
sectionalism, south looking for
new territory
Popular Sovereignty
• Lewis Cass – Democrat,
Michigan
• Let territories decide issue of
slavery
• Takes it off the back of Congress*
• Election 1848
• Cass – Demo, Taylor – Whig, Van
Buren – Free Soiler; Taylor wins
Compromise of 1850
• See Compromise hand-out
• Seneca Falls – see Women’s
Movements hand-out
Anti-Slavery
• William Lloyd Garrison – The
Liberator (see Anti-Slavery
Societies hand-out)
• Dred Scott – see Supreme Court
hand-out
John Brown
• DEVOTED anti-slavery activist
• Harper’s Ferry – tries to start a
slave revolt – is captured and
executed. Martyr for cause
• North – hero
• South - lunatic
Day 5 Hand-outs
• Reconstruction Plans
• Emergence of Industrial
America
• Supreme Court
• Political Parties Summary
• Black Leaders
• Wars in U.S. History
Events Leading to C.W
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1849
Harriet Tubman – Underground RR
1850
Compromise of 1850
1852
Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin as a
response to the pro-slavery movement.
1854
The Kansas-Nebraska Act passes Congress
1855
As Kansas prepares for elections thousands of Border Ruffians
from Missouri enter the territory in an effort to influence the
election. This begins the Bloody Kansas period with duplicate
constitutional conventions, separate elections and constant and
violent attacks.
May 1856
Brooks caning of Sumner
Events Leading to C.W.
• 1857
• Congress passes the Tariff of 1857 lowering rates to
the lowest level since 1812 to 20%, this is very
unpopular in the North and praised in the South.
• March - Dred Scott Decision
• 1858
• October - John Brown attacks Harpers Ferry, Virginia
• 1860
• November - Abraham Lincoln is elected president.
Lincoln received 40% of the popular vote and won
59% of the Electoral votes. He was not even on the
ballot in the deep south.
Lincoln’ use of
Executive
• 75,000 volunteers to put down
insurrection
• $ for war (no Congressional
approval)
• Suspends Habeas Corpus
• Martial law in border states
• *Goal – keep Union together
Strengths/Weaknesses
• South Strengths
• Defensive war at home, coastline,
experienced leaders, moral fight,
• North Strengths
• Numbers, Navy, $ and industry,
educated fighting troops, strong
central government
Strengths/Weaknesses
• Southern weaknesses
• No strong central government, no
money, lack of RR and industry, no
foreign help
• Northern weaknesses
• No strong military leaders,
offensive war away from home
Policy of Britain/France
• South counting on Europe’s
need of cotton (found new
source)
• The Trent Affair – Britain almost
sides with CSA
• CSA buying old British ships
• France was buying Laird rams
for use against Union blockade
Failure of foreign
diplomacy
• Battle of Antietam – Britain
wanted a decisive CSA victory
• Emancipation Proclamation –
1/1/63 changes the intention of
war. Written in summer 62 after
Antietam
• Applied only to states in rebellion
Reconstruction &
Election of 1876
• See Reconstruction Plans handout
• See Compromises and the Union
hand-out (2nd Corrupt Bargain)
Economic Acts to
rebuild
• Morrill Tariff (1861) – protective
tariff
• Homestead Act (1862) – 160
acres of land for 5 years of work
• Morrill Land Grant (1862) – land
for colleges
• Pacific Railway Act (1862) –
transcontinental RR
Who won the war?
• Black Codes – restrictions on black
in south
• Cannot rent or borrow $ to buy land
• Tenants, work contracts
• Cannot testify in court
• (Johnson vetoes help to the Freedmen’s
Bureau and Civil Rights Bill – congress
overrides veto) => 14th amendment
Dawes Severalty Act
(1887)
• Stop dealing with tribes –
keeping them from being
“Americans”
• Land confiscated and given to
families who worked land for 25
years and assimilated
• Best land sold to white land
speculators
The RR’s
• Government subsidies to 80
companies for 170 million acres
of land
• Land given in checkerboard
pattern
• Paid per mile of track laid
• Poor construction
• Crocked deals (Credit-Mobilier)
Transcontinental RR
• Union Pacific & Central Pacific
• Used Irish and Chinese immigrants
• May 10, 1869 Promontory Point,
Utah
• Four more built by 1900
• Spurred oil and steel industry
Titans of Industry
• Steel – Andrew Carnegie –
vertical integration (sold to J.P.
Morgan)
• Oil – John D. Rockefeller –
horizontal integration
Social Darwinism
• Roots are in Adam Smith’s
“Wealth of Nations”
• Self-interest
• Only the strong survive –
helping the poor and weak was
an inefficient use of resources
Gospel of Wealth
• Andrew Carnegie – civil
responsibility to share the
wealth through philanthropy
Laissez-faire
• Hands-off government combined
with industrial boom and strong
leaders led to huge
corporations, untold wealth,
stratification of classes,
ghettos, and eventually the
Progressive movement
Day 7 Handouts
• Populism: The Rise & Fall of the
People’s Party
• 3rd Parties in US History
• Cornerstones of US Foreign
Policy
• Progressivism—Liberal or
Conservative Reaction
The Gilded Age
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Term 1st used by Mark Twain
Era of “forgettable presidents”
Greatest minds now in business
Limited Government interaction with
business-Laissez-Faire
• Money question—expand the money
supply?
• Sherman Antitrust Act-1890; prohibits
restraint of trade or commerce. Used
against Labor Unions.
Populism
• Populism:
• See Hand out
Immigration
• Old v. New Immigrants
• Old—Northern and Western European and Protestant.
English Speaking
• New—Southern and Eastern European. Catholic,
Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, and Jewish.
• Immigration Restrictions
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Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
No “undesirables”
No contract labor
Pass medical and document examinations
Pay entry tax
Restrictions supported by labor unions, nativist
societies, social Darwinists
Urbanization
• 40% of population live in cities by 1900
• Mass transportation enabled growth and led to
segregating of workers by income.
• Upper and Middle class moved to suburbs
• Ethnic Neighborhoods—Slums and tenements
• 4000 people per city block
• Overcrowding and lack of sanitation leads to cholera,
typhoid, tuberculosis, and other diseases
• Machine Politics
• Provided jobs, homes, and food in exchange for votes
• Graft and fraud rampant. Stole millions from
taxpayers. Tammany Hall-Boss Tweed
Beginnings of Reform
• Attacks on Laissez-faire business
practices. Huge inequalities in wealth
distribution
• Settlement Houses-Hull House (Jane
Adams)
• Social Gospel—social justice for the poor
• Temperance Movement—Women’s
Christian Temperance Union, Antisaloon
League (Leads to 18th Amendment, 1917)
Spanish American War
• Causes:
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• Jingoism—Intense form of nationalism
• Yellow Journalism—Pulitzer v. Hearst. Exaggerated and
untrue stories about Spanish atrocities in Cuba. Wanted War
• De Lome Letter—1898, critical of President McKinley
• USS Maine sunk in Havana harbor, February 1898
Treaty of Paris
• Cuba independent
• US gets Puerto Rico and Guam
• US Gets Philippines for $20 million
Philippines:
• US Navy (Dewey) attacked Spanish fleet in Manila Bay.
Destroys Spanish navy
• Imperialistic to take Philippines. Violates Declaration of
Independence.
• Philippinos fight US for independence under Aguinaldo.
Takes 3 years to end insurrection
Foreign Policy
• See Handouts
• Annexation of Hawaii
• Roosevelt:
• Big Stick Policy
• Panama Canal
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• Revolution in Panama
• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
Russo-Japanese War
Great White Fleet
Root-Takahira Agreement 1908
Progressivism
• See Handout
• Muckrakers
• Henry Lloyd—Wealth Against Commonwealth
• Ida Tarbell— The History of Standard Oil
• Jacob Riis— How the Other Half Lives and The
Shame of the Cities
• Theodore Dreiser— The Financier and The Titan
• Frank Norris— The Octopus and The Pit
Day 8 Handouts
• Internationalists v. Isolationists
• The Stock Market Crash and the
New Deal
• Wars in US History
• Reform Movements Chart
• Amendments to the Constitution
• Liberal v. Conservative 17901940
World War 1
• See Handouts
• Wilson
• “He Kept us out of war” election of 1916
• War April 2, 1917—why?
• Submarine Warfare
• Zimmerman telegram
• Russian Revolution
• Gearing Up
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War Industries Board
Food Administration
Finance
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Selective Service Act 1917
The Fourteen Points
• Presented by Wilson
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Freedom of the Seas
End to secret Treaties
Reduction in armaments
Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims
Self-determination of nationalities within AustroHungarian Empire
• “A general association of nations for the purpose
of affording mutual guarantees of political
independence and territorial integrity to great
and small states alike” —A League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
• Big Four: France, Great Britain, Italy, U.S.
• Terms:
• Germany disarmed and stripped of colonies.
France occupation of Rhineland for 15 years,
admit guilt, pay huge reparations to Great Britain
and France
• Independence for Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
Finland and Poland. Czechoslovakia and
Yugoslavia established
• League of Nations
• International peacekeeping organization
• Article X: each member nation would protect the
independence and territory of other nations
Fight For Ratification of
Treaty
• Needed 2/3 of Senate to ratify
• Senate felt Title X compromised the sovereign
integrity of US and invite European interference in
Western Hemisphere
• Mid-term elections of 1918: Republicans win
majority in House and Senate. Henry Cabot Lodge
• Wilson went directly to the people. Road trip to
rally public support. Collapsed and suffered a
stroke.
• Senate voted twice and treaty defeated both times
in 1919. Would have passed with reservations to
treaty but Wilson rejected any compromise
Post World War IInternational
• Kellogg-Briand Pact
• Nations promise not to attack unless defending
• Frank Kellogg, Sec. of State authored with French
foreign minister
• Ratified by 62 nations
• No teeth or muscle to enforce
• Washington “Disarmament” Conference 1921-1922
• US called for 10 year holiday on construction of new
battleships
• Scale-downed navies for US, Great Britain and Japan
• Five-Power Naval Treaty
• Four-Power Treaty
• Nine-Power Treaty
• Return to Isolationism
Post World War IInternational Cont.
• US holder of European debt from war
• Insisted on repayment
• Germany unable to repay France and Great
Britain—unable to repay US
• Dawes Plan
• US Lend $$ to Germany
• Germany repay France and Great Britain
• France and Great Britain repay US
• Made foreign relations tense
• Increase in Isolationism
• Quota Laws
Post World War I-At
Home
• Andrew Mellon: Sec. of Treasury
• Tax Reductions 1921-1926. Shifted tax burden
from wealthy to middle-class.
• More money in market led to more speculation.
Eventually led to crash
• Economic Boom
• Increased Productivity—Henry Ford, Model T and
the assembly line
• Energy Technology
• Consumerism
The Roaring Twenties
• Flappers, Prohibition-Speakeasies, Jazz, Radio
• Literature—”The Lost Generation”
• Authors: Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Lewis, Stein
• Poets: Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot
• Playwright: Eugene O’Neill
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Art
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Harlem Renaissance
• Architecture: Frank Lloyd Wright
• Painting: Georgia O’Keeffe, Edward Hopper
• Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson,
Claude McKay
• Music: Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith Paul
Robeson
• Scopes Trial—Theory of Evolution
• William Jennings Bryan prosecutor, Clarence Darrow
defender
Labor Unions
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Samuel Gompers—American Federation of Labor (AFL)
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Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1914
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Made up of multiple self governing unions
Better wages, hours, and working conditions
“Closed Shop”—all-union labor in factories
Skilled labor only
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Strengthened Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Labor Unions and agricultural organizations are exempt from
Sherman
Legalized strikes and peaceful picketing
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Created National Labor Relations Board
Labor could organize and bargain collectively
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Sit Down Strike
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Outlawed Closed Shop
Made Unions liable for damages from jurisdictional disputes
Union leaders take noncommunist oath
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Wagner National Labor Relations Act 1935
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John L. Lewis—Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO)
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Taft-Hartley Act—1947
Great Depression
• See Handouts
FDR
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See Handouts
First Hundred Days
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Fireside Chats
Financial Recovery Programs
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Second New Deal, 1935
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Court Packing
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Called Congress into special 100 day session
Bank Holiday
Repealed Prohibition
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Emergency Banking Relief Act
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Home Owners Loan Corporation
Farm Credit Administration
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Focused on relief and reform
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Over-turning New Deal Legislation
Judicial Reorganization bill—enable the President to appoint an additional
Justice to Supreme Court for every one over 70.5 years. Would have added 6
seats
Congress defeated bill
•
FDR—Foreign Policy
• Good Neighbor Policy
• 1933-7th Pan-American Conference, announced that US
renounces armed intervention
• Non-intervention
• Line up Latin Americans to help defend western hemisphere
•
US Neutrality in Europe
• Neutrality Act of 1937
• Cash and Carry
•
Move to war
• Destroyer Deal, 1940
• Lend-Lease, 1941
•
Conscription Law
• Passed September 1940, before US entered the war
• World War I-passed 6 weeks after declaring war.
Day 9 Handouts
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Containment 1945-1975
Wars in US History
Reform Movements Chart
Amendments to the Constitution
Presidential Civil Rights
Records 1945-1974
• Important Treaties
World War II
• See Handouts
• Japanese Internment Camps
• Executive Order 9066—1942
• 100,000 Japanese Americans forced into internment
camps
• Korematsu v. U.S. (1944), Supreme Court upheld,
justified by wartime.
• 1988 Govt awarded financial compensation to those
that had been interned. Admitted injustice was done.
• Racism
• African Americans: left the south to work in factories
and serve in military. Continued Discrimination and
segregation
• Race Riots in New York and Detroit 1943
• “Double V” slogan—V for victory over fascism abroad and
V for victory for equality at home
World War II Cont.
• Mexican Americans
• Bracero Program with Mexico
• Zoot Suit Riots—summer of 1943
• Native Americans
• Code Talkers
• Women
• 200,000 served in the military
• Millions moved into the workforce, Rosie the
Riveter
• Worked in industrial shipyards and defense
plants
World War II Cont.
• Two Theaters of Operation: Europe and
Pacific
• Europe:
• North Africa Campaign: Gen. Dwight Eisenhower
• Teheran Conference—Big Three
• US and GB agree to open a second front against
Germany.
• D-Day June 6, 1944: Gen. Dwight Eisenhower
• French Normandy
• V-E Day; Victory in Europe May 7, 1945
World War II Cont.
• Pacific
• Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
• General MacArthur, surrendered Philippines vowing to return
• Bataan Death March
• Coral Sea Battle, May 1942. Japanese stopped
• Battle of Midway, June 1942, Adm. Nimitz
• Leapfrogging
• New Guinea, Philippines, Iwo Jima, Okinawa
• Potsdam Conference, July 1945
• Truman-ultimatum to Japan, Surrender unconditionally
• Manhattan Project
• August 6, 1945—Hiroshima
• August 9, 1945—Nagasaki
• Japanese surrendered September 2, 1945 (formally)
• Informal surrender August 10, 1945
McCarthyism
• 2nd Red Scare
• Loyalty Review Board 1947: investigate
federal employees
• HUAC—Established in House of Rep., UnAmerican Activities Committee.
• Joseph McCarthy: Senator, Wisconsin.
• State Department has Communists
• Unsupported Accusations—Senate Committee
• Army-McCarthy hearings—McCarthy is exposed
as “reckless cruelty”
1950s
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GI Bill—Servicemen’s Readjustment Act 1944
Suburbs—Levittown
Baby Boom—50 million babies! 1945-1960
Consumerism—Cars, TVs, Washers, Refrigerators,
Etc.
• Economic Boom due to consumerism and govt.
intervention to promote growth—Employment Act
1946. Fair Deal 1949 (See handouts)
• Nuclear War Scare—”Duck and Cover”
• Rock and Roll is born—Fused black rhythm and
blues with white bluegrass and country, Elvis
Presley
Truman
• Mid-term election 1946—Republicans take control
of Congress. Try to overturn New Deal policies
• Passage of 22nd Amendment, 1951
• Korean War: See Handout
• Containment: See Handout
• Cold War: U.S. v Soviet Union
• Post WWII: Soviets remained in occupation of
countries in central and eastern Europe. Rigged
elections in those countries and installed communist
dictators. Buffer States.
• Germany: Divided into four occupation zones. Meant
to be temporary. June 1948, Soviets cut off Berlin.
US Planes flew in supplies until May 1949 when
Soviets lifted blockage
Truman Cont.
• Greece
• Communist uprising against govt.
• 1st use of Truman Doctrine of Containment
• Asked Congress to provide economic and military aid
to assist “free people” and keep communist out. $400
million
• Sputnik, 1957
• Soviets look to be technologically advanced
• US rockets fail repeatedly
• 1958, Congress passed National Defense and
Education Act. Give schools $$ for science and
foreign language education
• 1958, Congress creates National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA)
Day 10 Handouts
• The New Frontier and the Great
Society
• Failure of Containment
• Wars in US History
• Supreme Court Cases
• Amendments to the Constitution
• Presidential Civil Rights Records
• Black Leaders and Civil Rights
Events
• Reform Movements Chart
Eisenhower
• “I like Ike”—TV impact on election of 1952
• Nixon—Checkers Speech
• Cont. New Deal programs
• Social Security Extended, minimum wage raised,
public housing increased
• “Modern Republicanism”
• Interstate Highway System
• Foreign Relations: Massive Retaliation, Covert
Actions in Iran and Guatemala
• Suez Canal Crisis
• Eisenhower Doctrine—promised economic and
military aid to any Middle Eastern country
threatened by communism
Civil Rights
• NAACP, working through courts for rights
• Brown v Board of Education—overturned Plessy v
Ferguson. Separate but equal is inherently unequal
and unconstitutional. Violates rights guaranteed in
the 14th Amendment. Desegregated public schools.
• Little Rock Nine—Eisenhower’s response
• Montgomery Bus Boycott—Rosa Parks, 1955.
Montgomery, AL
• Sit-Ins: Greensboro, NC, Woolworth’s lunch counter.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
• Martin Luther King Jr.: See Handouts
• March on Washington, August 1963
• Malcolm X: See Handouts
• Stokely Carmichael: Abandon peaceful
demonstrations, “Black Power”
JFK
• Election 1960
• JFK v Nixon; Televised debates. JFK wins by 100,000
votes
• New Frontier: See Handouts
• Cuba:
• Bay of Pigs, 1961
• Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962
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•
•
•
•
Soviet missiles on Cuba
Naval Blockade of Cuba
Khrushchev blinks and removes missiles
Hot line installed; DC to Kremlin
US removes missiles from Turkey and promises not to
attack Castro
• Assassinated November 22, 1963
Vietnam
• See handouts
• Protests
• College campuses: Kent State, Berkeley, etc.
• Draft Dodgers: Canada, burn draft cards
• Democratic Convention in Chicago 1968
LBJ
• Great Society: See Handouts
• Civil Rights
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•
•
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Continuation of JFK’s work, memorial
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
24th Amendment, 1964
Voting Rights Act 1965
1960s
• Counterculture
• Rebellious young people: hippies and flower children
• Music: Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Beatles, Rolling Stones, Jim
Morrison, Janis Joplin
• Drug scene: LSD and experimentation
• Woodstock, 1969
•
Sexual Revolution
•
Women’s Movement
• Alfred Kinsey research on sexual practices
• Birth Control
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
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•
•
•
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Betty Friedan: The Feminine Mystique, 1963
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Equal Pay Act, 1963
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 1972
Nixon
• Election of 1968
• Riots at Dem. National Convention
•
Vietnam
•
Economic Policies
•
Supreme Court: filled four vacancies
•
Watergate
•
War Powers Act, 1973
• See handouts
• Keynesian Economics
• Dollar off gold standard
• Ended recession
• Burger, Chief Justice; See handouts
• Oval Office Tapes: US v Nixon, Limits Executive Privilege
• Congress discussing articles of impeachment
• Nixon resigns before he can be impeached
Ford
• Pardoned Nixon: full and unconditional
pardon
• Fall of Saigon, April 1975
• Genocide in Cambodia, 1975
• Bicentennial Celebration in US
Carter
• See Handouts
• Election 1976, beat Ford
• Panama Canal: Negotiated new treaty. Returned to
Panama by 2000. “Give Away” of canal worked
against him in election of 1980
• Camp David Accords, September 1978
• Peace settlement between Israel (Begin) and Egypt
(Sadat)
• Egypt became 1st Arab nation to recognize Israel
• Israel withdrew troops from Sinai territory taken
during Six-Day war
Carter Cont.
• Iran
• Ayatollah Khomeini, overthrew shah.
• Created worldwide oil shortage
• Militants seized embassy in Teheran and took 50
Americans hostage
• April 1980, attempted rescue, but was abysmal
failure.
• SALT II
• Soviet Union, signed in 1979
• Senate never ratified
• Increased tensions with Soviets and led to invasion of
Afghanistan
• Carter placed embargo on grain exports and sale of
technology to Soviets. Boycotted 1980 Olympics in
Moscow
Carter Cont.
• Energy Crisis
• Inflation reached 13%
• Shortage of Oil
• Economic stagnation
• Malaise Speech
• Blames the problems on a “moral and spiritual
crisis” of the American people
Reagan
• Economic Reforms
• Supply-Side Economics:
• Tax cuts and reduced government spending
• Increase Investments by private sector
• Contrasts with Keynesian economics that relies on government
spending
• “trickle-down” economics of the 1920s
• Federal Tax reductions
• Decrease of 25% in income tax over 3 years
• Cuts in corporate income tax, capital gains tax, gift and
inheritance taxes
• Spending Cuts
• Cut $40 billion in domestic programs (food stamps, student loans,
mass transportation)
• Increase in military spending
• Recession and Recovery
• 1982, worst recession since 1930
• Economy recovered 1983 but widened income gaps. Upperincome groups benefited, middle-class was stagnant