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1
Explain marketing’s definition of a product and list the components of the product strategy.
5
List the stages of the new-product development process.
6
Explain how firms identify their products.
2
Describe the classification system for consumer and business goods and services.
3
Distinguish between a product mix and a product line.
7
Outline and briefly describe each of the major components of an effective distribution strategy.
4
Briefly describe each of the four stages of the product life cycle.
8
Identify the various categories of distribution channels and discus the factors that influence channel selection.

• Product bundle of physical, service, and symbolic attributes.
• Convenience products items the consumer seeks to purchase frequently, immediately, and with little effort.
• Shopping products typically purchased only after the buyer has compared competing products in competing stores.
• Specialty products items that a purchaser is willing to make a special effort to obtain.

• Installations major capital items, such as new factories, heavy equipment and machinery, and custom-made equipment.
• Accessory equipment includes less expensive and shorterlived capital items than installations and involves fewer decision makers.
• Component parts and materials - become part of a final product.
• Raw materials farm and natural products used in producing other final products.
• Supplies expense items used in a firm’s daily operation that do not become part of the final product.

 In B2B, greater emphasis on personal selling for installations and many component parts.
 May involve customers in new-product development .
 Advertising more commonly used to sell supplies and accessory equipment.
 Also a greater emphasis on competitive pricing strategies.

Product life four basic stages —introduction, growth, maturity, and decline —through which a successful product progresses.

• Introduction stage – firm promotes demand for its new offering, informs the market about it, gives free samples to entice consumers to make a trial purchase, and explains its features, uses, and benefits.
• Growth stage sales climb quickly as new customers join early users who are repurchasing the item. Company begins to earn profits on the new product.
• Maturity stage industry sales eventually reach a saturation level at which further expansion is difficult.
• Decline stage sales fall and profits decline.

• Marketer’s objective is to extend the life cycle as long as product is profitable. Marketers’ goals:
– Increasing customers’ frequency of use
– Adding customers
– Finding new uses for product
– Changing package sizes, labels, and product designs

• Expensive, time-consuming, and risky.
• Only 1/3 of new products become success stories.
• Each step requires a “go or nogo” decision.

 Stage 1: Generating ideas for new offerings
 Stage 2: Screening
 Stage 3: Concept development and business analysis phase
 Stage 4: Product development
 Stage 5: Test marketing
 Stage 6: Commercialization

• Brand name, term, sign, symbol, design, or some combination that identifies the products of one firm and differentiates them from competitors’ offerings.
• Brand name part of the brand consisting of words or letters included in a name used to identify and distinguish the firm’s offerings from those of competitors.
• Trademark brand that has been given legal protection granted solely to the brand’s owner.

• Manufacturer’s brand - brand offered and promoted by a manufacturer. Examples: Tide, Jockey, Gatorade, Swatch, and
Reebok.
• Private or store brand - brand that is not linked to the manufacturer but instead carries a wholesaler’s or retailer’s label. Examples: Sears’ DieHard batteries and WalMart’s
Ol’Roy dog food & Member’s Mark brand
• Family branding strategy - a single brand name used for several related products. Examples: KitchenAid, Johnson &
Johnson, Hewlett-Packard, and Dole
• Individual branding strategy giving each product within a line a different name. Examples: Procter & Gamble products Tide,
Cheer, and Dash.

• Brand recognition - consumer is aware of the brand but does not have a preference for it over other brands.
• Brand preference - consumer chooses one firm’s brand over a competitor’s.
• Brand insistence - consumer will seek out preferred brand and accept no substitute for it.

• Brand equity added value that a respected and successful name gives to a product.
• Brand awareness product is the first one that comes to mind when a product category is mentioned.

 Important in product identification and play an important role in a firm’s overall product strategy.
 Choosing right package is especially important in international marketing.
 Must meet legal requirements of all countries in which product is sold.
 Universal Product Code - bar code read by optical scanner.

Distribution channel path through which products —and legal ownership of them —flow from producer to consumers or business users.
Physical distribution actual movement of products from producer to consumers or business users.

Direct Distribution
• Direct contact between producer and customer.
• Most common in B2B markets.
• Often found in the marketing of relatively expensive, complex products that may require demonstrations.
• Internet is helping companies distribute directly to consumer market.
Distribution Channels Using Marketing Intermediaries
• Producers distribute products through wholesalers and retailers .
• Inexpensive products sold to thousands of consumers in widely scattered locations.
• Lowers costs of goods to consumers by creating market utility.

• Wholesaler distribution channel member that sells primarily to retailers, other wholesalers, or business users.
• Manufacturer-Owned Wholesaling Intermediaries
– Owned by the manufacturer of the good.
– Sales branch which stocks products and fills orders from inventories.
– Sales office which takes orders but does not stock the product.

• Retailer channel member that sells goods and services to individuals for their own use rather than for resale.
• Final link of the distribution channel.
• Two types: store and non-store.

1) Identifying a Target Market
2) Selecting a Product Strategy
3) Selecting a Customer Service Strategy
4) Selecting a Pricing Strategy
5) Choosing a Location
6) Building a Promotional Strategy
7) Creating a Store Atmosphere

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• What specific channel will it use?
• What will be the level of distribution intensity?
Selecting Distribution Channels
 Complex, expensive, custom-made, or perishable products move through shorter distribution channels involving few —or no —intermediaries.
 Standardized products or items with low unit values usually pass through relatively long distribution channels.
 Start-up companies often use direct channels because they can’t persuade intermediaries to carry their products.

• Intensive distribution firm’s products in nearly every available outlet. Requires cooperation of many intermediaries.
• Selective distribution limited number of retailers to distribute its product lines.
• Exclusive distribution limits market coverage in a specific geographical region.

• Supply chain – complete sequence of suppliers that contribute to creating a good or service and delivering it to business users and final consumers.
• Logistics – the activities involved in controlling the flow of goods, services, and information among members of the supply chain.
• Physical Distribution – the activities aimed at efficiently moving finished goods from the production line to the consumer or business buyer.

• Customer service standards measure the quality of service a firm provides for its customers.
• Warranties are a firm’s promises to repair a defective product, refund money paid, or replace a product if it proves unsatisfactory.
• Internet retailers have worked to humanize their customer interactions and deal with complaints more effectively.