A Cataloguer’s Journey on the Road
*
to FRBR
May 19, 2009
Thomas Brenndorfer
Guelph Public Library
tbrenndorfer@library.guelph.on.ca
* FRBR = Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
Guelph Public Library
The blind men and the FRBR elephant
OPACs – 1984
Author
Title
Subject
The cataloguer’s opportunity:
The use of technology in the organization
of bibliographic information
The cataloguer’s dilemma:
New kinds of bibliographic resources in the
age of technology
AACR2 Cataloguing Basics
AACR2 Part I – Description
– “item in hand”
AACR2 Part II – Access –
“finding and gathering”
Introduction to AACR2 Part II
“The rules in Part II apply to works and not to
physical manifestations of those works,
though the characteristics of an individual
item are taken into account in some
instances.”
“Enter the work by one personal author under
the heading for that person.”
AACR2 General Introduction
“In Part II the rules are based on the
proposition that one main entry is made for
each item described, and that this is
supplemented by added entries.”
The main entry – record for an item:
Woolf, Virginia, 1882-1941.
Mrs. Dalloway / Virginia Woolf.
San Diego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, [1985], c1925.
296 p. ; 19 cm.
The main entry – citation for a work:
Woolf, Virginia, 1882-1941. Mrs. Dalloway
Identifying the work
Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973.
The annotated Hobbit / J.R.R. Tolkien.
The uniform title
Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973.
[Hobbit]
The annotated Hobbit / J.R.R. Tolkien.
The SEE reference
Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973. Annotated
Hobbit
See
Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973. Hobbit
The authority record
LC Control Number: n 79102640
HEADING: Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973. Hobbit
000 00727cz a2200181n 450
001 3290766
005 20050924071350.0
008 790910n| acannaabn |a aaa
010 __ |a n 79102640 |z n 87841451
035 __ |a (OCoLC)oca00334715
040 __ |a DLC |b eng |c DLC |d DLC |d InU |d WaU
100 1_ |a Tolkien, J. R. R. |q (John Ronald Reuel), |d 1892-1973. |t Hobbit
400 1_ |a Tolkien, J. R. R. |q (John Ronald Reuel), |d 1892-1973. |t Annotated Hobbit
400 1_ |a Tolkien, J. R. R. |q (John Ronald Reuel), |d 1892-1973. |t Hobbit, or, There
and back again
670 __ |a Buchholz, S. The Middle-earth quiz book, 1979 (subj.)
670 __ |a The hobbit, or, There and back again, 1984.
670 __ |a The hobbit, or, There and back again, c1997.
The related work added entry
100 1_ |a Mast, Edward.
245 10 |a J.R.R. Tolkien’s The hobbit : |b an adventure
play / |c adapted by Edward Mast.
246 30 |a Hobbit
260 __ |a Woodstock, Ill. : |b Dramatic Pub., |c c1996.
300 __ |a 53 p. ; |c 19 cm.
500 __ |a "Based upon the work, The hobbit, by J.R.R.
Tolkien."--P. 2.
700 1_ |a Tolkien, J. R. R. |q (John Ronald Reuel), |d
1892-1973. |t Hobbit.
The subject added entry
100 1_ |a Arthur, Sarah.
245 10 |a Walking with Bilbo : |b a devotional
adventure through the Hobbit / |c Sarah Arthur.
260 __ |a Wheaton, Ill. : |b Tyndale House Publishers,
|c 2005.
300 __ |a xxii, 194 p. ; |c 21 cm.
504 __ |a Includes bibliographical references (p. [192]194).
600 10 |a Tolkien, J. R. R. |q (John Ronald Reuel), |d
1892-1973. |t Hobbit.
Hyperlink to authority-controlled
heading for a work
Book on CD version of The Hobbit
(No link to 100 + 245 combination in an OPAC)
100 1_ |a Tolkien, J. R. R. |q (John Ronald
Reuel), |d 1892-1973.
245 14 |a The hobbit |h [sound recording] / |c
J.R.R. Tolkien.
260__ |a St. Paul, Minn. : |b HighBridge, |c
p2001.
300__ |a 4 sound discs (4 hr., 30 min.) : |b
digital ; |c 4 3/4 in.
Maxwell’s Guide to Authority Work
“The title proper (combined with the author’s
name, if any) in fact is the uniform title of the
work...”
100 1_ |a Tolkien, J. R. R. |q (John Ronald Reuel), |d 1892-1973.
245 14 |a The hobbit
Implication:
The bibliographic record can function as the
authority record for the work.
Maxwell, Robert L. Maxwell’s Guide to Authority Work. ALA, 2002
OPACs – 1994
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
General Keyword
Author Browse
Author Keyword
Title Browse
Title Keyword
Subject Browse
Subject Keyword
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Series Browse
Series Keyword
ISBN/ISSN
LCCN
Barcode
Dewey Number
System Number
Problem: Different Authorities for
Different Indexes
• “Virginia Woolf” is in the author index
• “Virginia Woolf” is in the subject index
Multiple Use Authorities in Horizon
Use codes:
1. Main or added
entry
2. Subject
3. Series
1997 International
Conference on the Principles
and Future of AACR2,
Toronto
The introduction of FRBR (Functional
Requirements for Bibliographic Records) and a
spotlight on bibliographic relationships.
“Bibliographic Relationships”
Paper presented by Sherry L. Vellucci at the 1997 Toronto Conference.
http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/300/jsc_aacr/bib_rel/r-bibrel.pdf
“Bibliographic relationships exist when
bibliographic entities— i.e., any instances
of recorded knowledge— are associated
with each other in some way.”
Vellucci’s Bibliographic Relationships,
continued ...
“...it is important to understand the types of relationships that
exist in the bibliographic universe as they have been identified
to date, and the means currently used for identifying and
linking bibliographic records for related bibliographic entities.
It is also crucial to have a contextual understanding of this
topic as it relates to the functions of the catalog; the functions
of the bibliographic record; the concept of the work; the
concepts of main entry, added entries, and references;
bibliographic and authority record structure; and catalog
design.”
Barbara Tillett’s Taxonomy of
Relationships (1987)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Equivalence Relationships
Derivative Relationships
Descriptive Relationships
Whole-Part Relationships
Accompanying Relationships
Sequential Relationships
Shared Characteristic Relationships
The 1990 Stockholm
Seminar on Cataloging
was held because of ...
• the mounting costs of cataloguing and the concomitant desire for
cataloguing simplification;
• the proliferation of electronic, multimedia, and computer related
materials and the challenges these pose for both description and
access;
• the increasing drive to economize in cataloguing by reducing
duplicate efforts, nationally and internationally, and the associated
need to define a core level standard to support the cooperative use
of records;
• the exploding bibliographic universe and the continual need to
effect better universal bibliographic control;
• the continuing pressures to adapt cataloguing practices and codes
to the machine environment.
http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla60/60-tilb.htm
Study Group on the Functional
Requirements for Bibliographic Records
Its mission was to develop a framework that
identifies and clearly defines:
the entities of interest to users of bibliographic
records
the attributes of each entity
the types of relationships that operate between
each entity
FRBR – starting points
• FRBR uses the entity-relationship model to
analyze the bibliographic record
• FRBR assigns values on bibliographic data in
terms of user needs (based on traditional user
tasks – find, identify, select, obtain)
• FRBR defines three entity groups
(Groups 1, 2, 3)
FRBR Final Report, 1998
http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr_current_toc.htm
FRBR Group 1 Entities
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Group 2 Entities and their
Relationships to Group 1 Entities
Person or Corporate Body...
Creates a Work
Realizes an Expression
Produces a Manifestation
Owns an Item
Relationships vs Attributes
RELATIONSHIP
Manifestation entity
is produced by
Publisher entity (MARC field 710 - added entry)
ATTRIBUTE
Manifestation entity
has attribute
Publication statement (MARC field 260 $b)
Group 3 Entities
•
•
•
•
Concept
Object
Event
Place
... have subject relationships with Works.
Subject Relationships and
Groups 1, 2, and 3
http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr_current3.htm
VTLS and FRBR
Blinn College Library, Brenham, Texas
http://poseidon.vtls.com:8000/cgibin/gw_xyz/chameleon
Subjects Linked at the Work Level
2003 proposals for the next
edition of AACR
• Incorporate FRBR concepts and terminology
• Incorporate concept of authority control
http://www.rda-jsc.org/docs/annrep03.pdf
LibraryThing and the “work”
All LibraryThing books belong to a "work," a cross-user and
cross-edition concept designed to improve social contact,
recommendations and cataloging quality.
www.librarything.com
“Link to a page, not to a search.”
Tim Spalding, Creator of LibraryThing
LibraryThing – Link to a page for Virginia Woolf
OCLC WorldCat Identities
http://orlabs.oclc.org/identities/
OCLC FictionFinder
http://fictionfinder.oclc.org/
AustLit Sample Page
http://www.austlit.edu.au/help
AustLit work summaries
http://www.austlit.edu.au/help
The Scarlet Letter – “FRBRized” with SyndeticsICE
ISTC – International Standard Text Code
“An ISTC does not ‘belong’ to a single
author/publisher; rather, it ‘belongs’ to the
work it identifies. This means that the same
ISTC number should be used to identify the
same content even when it is being published
by a different publisher and/or in a different
publication format.”
MARC tag: 024 7_ $a ISTC 0A9-2002-12B4A105-6 $2 istc
(http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2010/2010-dp03.html)
http://www.istc-international.org/html/all_about_istc.aspx
AACR3 Part I – Description [2004]
Section A – General Rules
A1 General Rules for Description
A2 Resources Issued in Successive Parts
A3 Integrating Resources
Section B – Supplementary Rules Applicable to Specific Types of Content
B1 Text
B2 Music
B3 Cartographic Resources
B4 Graphics
B5 Three-Dimensional Resources
B6 Sound
B7 Moving Images
Section C – Supplementary Rules Applicable to Specific Types of Media
C1 Print and Graphic Material
C2 Micrographic Media
C3 Tactile Media
C4 Three-Dimensional Media
C5 Audio Media
C5 Projected Graphic, Film, and Video Media
C6 Digital Media
Part II – Choice of Access Points and Part III – Form of Access Points
RDA 2005-2007 – Resource Description and Access
RDA 2005 Part I
Chapter 1 General Guidelines on Resource Description
Chapter 2 Identification of the Resource
Chapter 3 [Technical Description/Carrier – delayed for study of GMD/SMD]
Chapter 4 Content Description
Chapter 5 Information on Terms of Availability, Etc.
Chapter 6 Item-Specific Information
Appendix D Presentation of Descriptive Data
RDA 2006
Part I (Resource Description) + Part 2 (Relationships) becomes Part A; Part III (Access Point
Control) becomes Part B
Part A Chapter 6 - Related Resources
Part A Chapter 7 - Persons, Families, and Corporate Bodies Associated with a Resource
Then later in October 2006, Chapters 6 and 7 flip
Part A Chapter 6 - Persons, Families, and Corporate Bodies Associated with a Resource
Part A Chapter 7 - Related Resources
RDA 2007 – the new organization appears
Recording attributes
• Section 1. Recording attributes of manifestation and item
• Section 2. Recording attributes of work and expression
• Section 3. Recording attributes of person, family, and corporate body
• Section 4. Recording attributes of concept, object, event, and place
Recording relationships
• Section 5. Recording primary relationships between work, expression, manifestation,
and item
• Section 6. Recording relationships to persons, families, and corporate bodies associated
with a resource
• Section 7. Recording subject relationships
• Section 8. Recording relationships between works, expressions, manifestations, and
items
• Section 9. Recording relationships between persons, families, and corporate bodies
• Section 10. Recording relationships between concepts, objects, events, and places
Enter the Authorized Access Point
“The term authorized access point refers to the
standardized access point representing an entity. The
authorized access point representing a work or
expression is constructed using the preferred title for
the work preceded by the authorized access point
representing a person, family, or corporate body
responsible for the work, if appropriate.”
Woolf, Virginia, 1882-1941. Mrs. Dalloway
Conventions for Recording Relationships Between Works
1. Identifier for the related work
Finding aid: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/14192
Resource described: Andrews, Emery E., 1894-1976. Emery E. Andrews papers, 1925-1969. Archival collection of
papers and related materials
2. Authorized Access Point Representing the Related Work
Parody of: Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973. Lord of the rings
Resource described: Bored of the rings : a parody of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The lord of the rings / by Henry N. Beard and
Douglas C. Kenney of The Harvard lampoon
3. Structured Description of the Related Work
Has sequel: Scarlett : the sequel to Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the wind / by Alexandra Ripley. —
New York, NY : Warner Books, 1991
Resource described: Gone with the wind / by Margaret Mitchell. A sequel to Mitchell’s novel, Scarlett, by Alexandra
Ripley, was published in 1991
4. Unstructured Description of the Related Work
Inspired by themes from the music of George Butterworth.
Contains letters to Mrs. Wells and Gabrielle Gissing.
Kept up to date between editions by annual supplements.
Finding aid available in the repository and online.
RDA Appendix J
Sample of work relationship designators
Derivative Work Relationships
based on (work)
abridgement of (work)
abstract of (work)
adaptation of (work)
dramatization of (work)
motion picture adaptation of (work)
novelization of (work)
radio adaptation of (work)
radio script based on (work)
screenplay based on (work)
television adaptation of (work)
verse adaptation of (work)
video adaptation of (work)
choreography for (work)
digest of (work)
expanded version of (work)
free translation of (work)
imitation of (work)
parody of (work)
libretto based on (work)
musical arrangement of (work)
musical setting of (work)
musical variations based on (work)
paraphrase of (work)
remake of (work)
summary of (work)
derivative (work)
abridged as (work)
abstract (work)
adapted as (work)
dramatized as (work)
novelization (work)
screenplay for the motion picture (work)
screenplay for the television program (work)
screenplay for the video (work)
script for the radio program (work)
verse adaptation (work)
basis for libretto (work)
choreography (work)
digest (work)
expanded as (work)
freely translated as (work)
imitated as (work)
parodied as (work)
musical setting (work)
musical variations (work)
paraphrased as (work)
remade as (work)
summary (work)
MARC Proposal No. 2009-06/1 –
Relationship Designators for RDA Appendix J
245 00 $a Triumph : $b for concert band / $c by Michael Tippett.
500 ## $a “A paraphrase of music from The mask of time.” ISWC T-010.304.108-2.
700 1# $i paraphrase of (work) $a Tippett, Michael, $d 1905-1998. $t Mask of time.
100 1# $a Ravel, Maurice, $d 1875-1937.
240 10 $a Orchestra music. $k Selections
245 10 $a Orchestral works $h [sound recording] / $c Maurice Ravel.
505 0# $a Boléro -- La valse -- Rapsodie espagnole ...
700 12 $i contains (work) $a Ravel, Maurice, $d 1875-1937. $t Bolero, $m
orchestra.
700 12 $i contains (work) $a Ravel, Maurice, $d 1875-1937. $t Valse.
700 12 $i contains (work) $a Ravel, Maurice, $d 1875-1937. $t Rapsodie espagnole.
http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-06-1.html
Conventions for recording work relationships–
more examples...
MARC Update 10
245 00 $a Triumph : $b for concert band / $c by Michael Tippett.
700 1# $i paraphrase of (work) $a Tippett, Michael, $d 1905-1998. $t Mask of
time.
User display:
Triumph : for concert band / by Michael Tippett.
Paraphrase of Tippett, Michael, 1905-1998. Mask of time.
780 example
780 00 $t TCA journal $x 1556-4223 $w(DLC) 93645762
$w (OCoLC) 26906768
http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bdx00.html
http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/RDAtest/module8.ppt
RDA
Database Implementation
Scenarios
Three potential implementation scenarios for RDA.
http://www.rda-jsc.org/docs/5editor2.pdf
Tom Delsey, RDA editor
Scenario 3 – Flat file
Scenario 2 – Linked
Scenario 1 – Relational database
FRAD – Functional Requirements for Authority Records
Bibliographic Entity
http://www.ifla.org/VII/d4/wg-franar.htm
User tasks: find; identify; contextualize (clarify relationship between entities, and
between name and entity); justify (document the authority record creator’s reason for
choosing the name or form of the name on which an access point is based). RDA
replaces “contextualize” and “justify” with “clarify” and “understand.”
FRSAD – Functional Requirements for
Subject Authority Data
• WORK has subject THEMA
(THEMA is anything that can be the subject of a work, including other
FRBR entities)
• THEMA has appellation NOMEN
(NOMEN is a term used to refer to any symbols by which a THEMA is
known, referred to or addressed)
• User tasks: find; identify; select; explore relationships between entities,
correlations to other subject vocabularies and structure of a subject
domain
http://www.ifla.org/VII/s29/pubs/wgfrsar-committee-report-quebec2008.pdf
FRBR hits a triple.
A “triple” is a statement about a resource.
Examples:
THEMA <> HAS APPELATION <> NOMEN
WORK <> HAS CREATOR <> PERSON
http://www.ebsi.umontreal.ca/isko2008/documents/abstracts/zeng.pdf
The Semantic Web
“The semantic web provides
a common framework that
allows data to be shared and
reused across application,
enterprise, and community
boundaries.”
http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/
Original 2001 Scientific American article:
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=the-semantic-web&print=true
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative and RDA: New Goals
• The registration of the RDA element vocabulary
(each element has a URI– a “uniform resource
identifier” which builds a namespace)
http://dublincore.org/dcmirdataskgroup
• The creation of an “application profile” – schemas
that combine elements from one or more
namespaces to optimize a local application
Article on application profiles:
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue25/app-profiles/
A tale of two “resources”
• RDA – Resource Description and Access
A “resource” is the focus for a bibliographic description. When we
catalogue with RDA, we record the entities, attributes and relationships
found in the resource.
ZOOM OUT TO THE CATALOGUED RESOURCE
• RDF – Resource Description Framework
Each entity, element, relationship, and role is a “resource”– parts of logical
statements (called triples) which collectively constitute a “description set”.
When we replace plain text values in a triple with URIs (uniform resource
identifiers), we link data and controlled vocabulary to create the Semantic
Web.
ZOOM IN TO EACH VALUE IN A TRIPLE
DCMI Registry for RDA Appendix J
Relationship Designators
http://metadataregistry.org/schemaprop/list/schema_id/13.html
The Registered
“Based on (work)” Element
http://metadataregistry.org/schemapropel/list/schema_property_id/419.html
Links to URIs move cataloguing data onto the Semantic Web.
Library of Congress Subject Headings
and the Semantic Web
http://id.loc.gov/
The Swedish National Library, FRBR and the Semantic Web
Link to this record: http://libris.kb.se/bib/5060570?tab1=vers
“Making a Library Catalogue Part of the Semantic Web”: http://dcpapers.dublincore.org/ojs/pubs/article/viewFile/927/923
RDA and MARC: the GMD is replaced
245 14 $a The hobbit $h [sound recording] / $c
J.R.R. Tolkien.
becomes something like
245 14 $a The hobbit / $c J.R.R. Tolkien
336 __ $a spoken word
337 __ $a audio
338 __ $a audio disc
The GMD is dead; long live the Content Type, Media Type and Carrier Type
FRBR Entity
Bib/Auth
Field
Field Name
Examples
Expression
Bib/Auth
336
Content Type
- text
- performed music
Manifestation
Bib
337
Media Type
- unmediated
- audio
Manifestation
Bib
338
Carrier Type
- volume
- audio disc
Examples:
Book
336 text
337 unmediated
338 volume
DVD video
336 moving image
337 video
338 videodisc
Audio CD
336 performed music 337 audio
338 audio disc
http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-01-2.html
URIs for RDA Content Types
http://metadataregistry.org/concept/list/vocabulary_id/45.html
Details for the
“Spoken word” Content Type element
http://metadataregistry.org/concept/show/id/522.html
A hypothetical Semantic Web description set
Work
Author: http://lcnaf.info/50002976
Work title: English patient
Form of work: http://RDVocab.info/genre/1008
Expression
Language of expression: http://marclang.info.eng
Content type: http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text
Manifestation
Edition: 1st ed.
Place of publication: New York
Publisher: http://onixpub.info/74312
Date of production: 1992
Number of units: 307 pages
Resource identifier: 0679416781
Identifier: http://lcnaf.info/50002976
Name: Ondaatje, Michael
BirthDate: Sep. 12, 1943
Identifier: http://RDVocab.info/genre/1008
PrefLabel: Novel
Identifier: http://marclang.info/eng
Name: eng
PrefLabel: English
AltLabel: en
Identifier: http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text
Definition: A resource consisting primarily
of words for reading.
Identifier: http://onixpub.info/74312
Name: Knopf
http://www.slideshare.net/kramsey/the-future-of-cataloging-and-catalogers-presentation
“Trepidation or Anticipation? The Future of Cataloging and Cataloguers” by Diane Hillman
What is it, again?
Starting points for FRBR and RDA:
select web sites and books
Web sites:
IFLA’s FRBR Home Page: http://www.ifla.org/en/publications/functional-requirements-forbibliographic-records
The FRBR Blog: http://www.frbr.org/
Joint Steering Committee for Development of RDA: http://www.rda-jsc.org/rda.html
RDA Online: http://www.rdatoolkit.org/
Library of Congress RDA Test: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/RDAtest/rdatraining.html
Books:
Maxwell, Robert L. FRBR : A Guide for the Perplexed. ALA, 2008.
Taylor, Arlene G. Understanding FRBR: What It Is and How It Will Affect Our Retrieval Tools. Libraries
Unlimited, 2007.
Zhang, Yin. Implementing FRBR in Libraries. Neal-Schuman, 2009.