English III Summer 2007
James, Megan, Corey and Greg
When do we use citations?
What do we cite?
When do we use citations?
Although scholars in various disciplines may
differ on the particulars of when to cite and
when not to cite sources, you should always
cite in the following cases.
Cite sources
• Cite sources for all verbatim
quotations of two or more
consecutive words.
Readers expect to know the
original source of any
quotation, whether for the
purpose of checking its
accuracy or using it in their
own work.
Cite sources
• Cite sources from which
you paraphrase or
summarize facts or ideas.
Whenever you rely on
another's information or
ideas, you should cite your
source, even if you do not
use a verbatim quotation.
Cite sources
• Cite sources for ideas or information
that could be regarded as common
knowledge but which you think your
reader might still find unfamiliar.
In general you need not cite the
source of information that seems part
of our common stock of knowledge.
•
For example, you can assume that
your readers know that the atomic
structure of water is H2O; or that Martin
Luther King, Jr. was a leading figure in
the U.S. civil rights movement.
Cite sources
• Cite sources for materials that
you might not normally
consider as "texts" because
they are not written.
Your sources might include
materials such as public
lectures, architecture,
laboratory procedures, musical
compositions, films, audio or
visual tapes, works of art, maps,
Web pages, statistical tables, or
electronic databases.
Cite sources
Cite sources for non-interchangeable computer
programs and software.
Computer applications with unique features that
influence the results of a calculation or analysis
should be cited, along with the technique used
with the program to obtain the result described in
your paper. Such applications might include:
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) programs
Computer algebra programs
Data analysis programs
Calculation programs
Three-dimensional visualization software
Cite sources
• Cite sources that add
relevant information to the
particular topic or
argument of your work.
How to Avoid Plagiarism
Give Credit Where Credit's Due
• Plagiarism—the attempt to pass
off the ideas, research, theories, or
words of others as one's own—is a
serious academic offense.
• Most students know when they are
intentionally plagiarizing, for
example copying an entire essay
out of a book or buying a paper
off the Internet.
• However, many people are
tripped up by unintentional
plagiarism—not giving proper
credit for others' quotes, facts,
ideas, or data.
When in Doubt, Give Credit
A good rule of thumb is to always give credit
for any ideas that aren't yours by citing your
sources.
Exploring what to cite
What to cite?
You need to cite anything
that you found in outside
sources, whether the
source is from a printed or
online source, or directly
from an interview with
someone who is providing
data for your paper. When
in doubt, cite.
What do I have to cite?
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Books
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Reports
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Thesis or Dissertations
Encyclopedias
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Proceedings
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Journal Articles
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Magazine Articles
Anonymous Articles •
(in Weekly Periodical) •
• Newspaper Articles
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• Letter from One
Official to Another
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• Letter Personally
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Received
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Computer Software
Web Sites / Internet
Articles
Literature Resource
Center
Statistics and Charts
Television
Speech
Government
Documents
Reference Books
Interviews
E-mails
Personal Interviews
In Conclusion
• Whenever you directly copy the words of
another author (quoting) or put their
ideas into your own words (paraphrasing)
you must acknowledge that you have
done so, or you are plagiarizing their
work.
• You must reference another author's
ideas, factual material, graphs or tables
of data and pictures and diagrams,
software programs and music or any
other form of intellectual property.
Citation Flowchart
Cite it and place
double quotation
marks around the
text
Cite it
Cite it
Should I cite?
Yes
Is it a
quote?
Yes
Is it a
paraphrase
Yes
Is it
another’s
idea /
theory?
There is no need to cite if it is
common knowledge or your
own thoughts
Presentation Citations
•
Citation and Style Guides. Concordia University
Libraries, Montreal. 7 Feb. 2006.
<http://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/citatio
ns.html>.
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Delaney, Robert . MLA Citation Style. MLA
Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th
edition. 1/3/2006. Long Island University. 13 Jun
2007
<http://www.liu.edu/CWIS/CWP/library/worksho
p/citmla.htm>.
•
"How to Avoid Plagiarism." College Success. 13
Jun 2007
<http://www.collegeboard.com/student/plan/
college-success/10314.html>.
•
"Citing Sources." Tutorials. University of
Connecticut. 13 Jun 2007
<http://www.lib.uconn.edu/using/tutorials/instru
ction/citing.html>.