HISTORY AND METHODS
Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes
A Brief History Wilhelm Wundt- founded first research lab in 1879- birth of scientific psychology
 Structuralism – studied consciousness- introspection, examining one’s mind and what
one is thinking and feeling. Edward Titchener
 Functionalism- look at function not structure, stress adaptation to the environment.
 William James (Principles of Psychology in 1890) John Dewey
 Gestalt psychology – focus on the totality of perception, Max Wertheimer
 Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud- focus on role of unconscious conflicts, the process of
raising these conflicts to a level of awareness is the goal of psychoanalysis
Current Views of Psychology Neurobiology- Behavior viewed in terms of biological responses
 Behaviorism- Behavior viewed as a product of learned responses.
 Humanism- Behavior viewed as a reflection of internal growth. Free will, selfactualization, Carl Rogers, client-centered therapy
 Psychodynamic – Behavior viewed as a reflection of unconscious aggressive and
sexual impulses
 Cognitive Behavior viewed as a product of various internal sentences or thoughts.
 Sociocultural – Behavior viewed as strongly influenced by the rules and
expectations of specific social groups or cultures.
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Psychology- the scientific study of the behavior of living things
4 goals- describe, understand, predict and control
theory – general framework for scientific study; smaller aspects can be tested
Charles Darwin – theories led to comparative psychology, inspired early functionalists
Wilhelm Wundt- ‘father of psychology’, first scientific lab
Introspection- the process of looking into yourself and describing what is there
Structuralism- the first theoretical school in psychology, stated that all complex substances could be
separated and analyzed into component elements
Sigmund Freud- psychodynamic approach, emphasis on the unconscious
William James- wrote ‘Principles of Psychology’, a functionalist, coined the phrase ‘stream of
consciousness’
Functionalist – asked what the mind does and why, believed that all behavior and mental processes help
organisms to adapt to a changing environment
John. B. Watson- behaviorist, Little Albert
Gestalt psychology –emphasized the organizational processes in behavior, rather than the content of
behavior, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Eclecticism – the process of making your own system by borrowing from two or more other systems.
Neurobiological approach (medical)- viewing behavior as the result of nervous system functions and
biology
Behavioral approach –view behavior as the product of learning and associations
B. F. Skinner- behaviorist, operant conditioning
Humanistic approach- believe that people are basically good and capable of helping themselves.
Carl Rogers- a humanist
Psychoanalysis- a system of viewing the individual as the product of unconscious forces
Cognitive approach- emphasizing how humans use mental processes to handle problems or develop
certain personality characteristics
Sociocultural approach – behavior viewed as strongly influenced by the rules and expectations of
specific social groups or cultures
Placebo – a ‘medicine’ with no active ingredients
Double-blind study- neither participants or researchers know who is in which group
Hypothesis- a statement of the results that the experimenter expects
Subjects- people or animals in the experiment
Independent variable- factor that the experimenter manipulates in a study
Dependent variable- the factor in a study that changes as a result of changes in the IV
Confounding variable- factors that may cause the DV to change other than the IV
Field experiments- research that takes place outside the laboratory
Experimental group- the group that gets the changes in the IV
Control group- this group is for comparison and doesn’t get the changed IV
Survey- method of research using questions on feelings opinions, or behavior patterns
Sample- a group that represents a larger group
Naturalistic observation- research method that involves studying subjects without their being aware that
they are being watched
Interview- a research method that involves studying people face to face and asking questions
Case study method- research that collects lengthy, detailed info. About a person’s background, usually
for treatment
Cross-sectional method- looks at different age groups at the same time in order to understand changes
that occur during the life span
Longitudinal method- studies the same group of people over a long period of time
Reliability – results of a test or study must be reproducible
Validity – measures what the psychologist wishes to measure
Construct validity – the extent to which a test measures something – a theoretical construct
Criterion-related validity- refers to how effective a test is in predicting an individual’s behavior in other
specified situations (ex. SAT)
Informed consent – telling subjects all features of the experiment prior to the study
Inferential statistics – used to measure sampling error, draw conclusions from data, and test hypotheses
(ex. T-test, chi-squares, analyses of variance)
Descriptive statistics – answer the question what is the data, include measures of central tendency
Mean- average
Median- middle number
Mode – most frequent number
Variability- how the data spreads across a graph (range, standard deviation, ZCorrelation – the relationship between two sets of scores, range between +1.00 and –1.00, the closer to 1
the stronger the correlation
Z-score –a way of expressing a score’s distance from the mean in terms of the standard deviation
HISTORY AND METHODS QUIZ
1. The essence of the experimental method is
A.
B.
C.
D.
accurate calculation of correlations
obtaining direct reports from subjects about their subjective experiences.
careful measurement and record keeping
using control to identify cause and effect connections
2. Which of the following is an appropriate use of naturalistic observation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
to raise questions and suggest hypotheses
to develop formal psychological theory
to test hypotheses derived from theory
to answer questions about cause and effect relationships
3. You are at a lecture about the history of psychology and the speaker states that Wilhelm
Wundt’s theory of structuralism was the first scientific psychological theory. On what
historical fact might the speaker be basing her or his argument?
A. Wundt was internationally known at the time, and this led credence to his theory in the
scientific community.
B. Wundt studied under Ivan Pavlov for his graduate training, and Pavlov required scientific
methods to be used.
C. Structuralism was based on the results of his introspection experiments, so it is, at least in
part, empirical.
D. Structuralism was based on careful anecdotes gathered from Wundt’s extensive clinical
career.
E. Wundt was the first person to study psychology in an academic setting
4. In order to summarize or organize a series of observations in some meaningful way
psychologists may develop
A.
B.
C.
D.
hypotheses
experiments
surveys
theories
5. In the simplest experiment, the two groups of subjects are treated exactly alike except for the
__ variable.
A.
B.
C.
D.
independent
dependent
extraneous
control
6. Sigmund Freud’s theory of the unconscious mind
A. was revolutionary because it was the first comprehensive explanation of human thought
and behavior.
B. Resulted from discoveries about the human brain obtained by cadaver dissection.
C. Is outdated and has no relevance for modern psychology.
D. Focused entirely on human males’ sex drive.
E. Depends on the idea that humans can remember events but not be consciously aware of
the memory.
7. The conditions that a researcher wishes to prevent from affection the experiment are called
A.
B.
C.
D.
constants
dependent variables
extraneous variables
independent variables
8. In what way might a behaviorist disagree with a cognitive psychologist about the cause of
aggression?
A. A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about
aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might say aggression is caused by a
past repressed experience.
B. A behaviorist might state that aggression is a behavior encouraged by our genetic code,
while a cognitive psychologist might state that aggression is caused by memories or ways
we think about aggressive behavior.
C. A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive
behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by an
expressed desire to fulfill certain life needs.
D. A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive
behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by memories
or ways we think about aggressive behavior.
E. A behaviorist would not disagree with a cognitive psychologist about aggression because
they both believe that aggressive behavior is caused by the way we cognitively process
certain behaviors.
9. A researcher wants to determine the effect of sleep deprivation on human problem solving.
Subjects in an appropriate control group for such an experiment would be described as
having
A.
B.
C.
D.
much more sleep than normal.
Much less sleep than normal
A normal amoount of sleep
The same amount of sleep as the experimental group
10. Which type of variable is measured in both the experimental and control groups of an
experiment?
A. the dependent variable
B. the independent variable
C. extraneous variables
D. the reference variable
11. Dr. Marco explains to a client that his feelings. Of hostility toward a coworker are most likely
caused by the way the client interprets the coworker’s actions, and the way he thinks that
people should behave at work, Dr. Marco is most likely working from what perspective?
A. behavioral
B. cognitive
C. psychoanalytic
D.
E.
humanist
social-cultural
12. In the traditional learning experiment the effect of practice on performance is investigated.
Performance is the ___ variable
A.
B.
C.
D.
independent
extraneous
control
dependent
13. One of the limitations of the survey method is
A.
B.
C.
D.
observer bias
that it sets up an artificial situation
that replies may not be accurate
the self-fulfilling prophecy
14. Which of the following is not a goal of psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
description of behavior
prediction of behavior
depiction of behavior
understanding behavior
15. Control is an important goal of psychology. For most psychologists, control means
A. heavy reliance upon rewards rather than punishments
B. manipulation of behavior by government, educators, scientists, or authorities
C. altering conditions that influence behavior in predictable ways
16. Professor Ma wants to design a project studying emotional response to date rape. He
advertises for participants in the school newspaper, informs them about the nature of the
study, gets their consent, conducts an interview, and debriefs them about the results when
the experiment is over. If you were on the IRB, which ethical consideration would you most
likely have the most concern about in Professor Ma’s study?
A. Coercion
B. Deception
C. confounding variables
D. anonymity
E. clear scientific purpose
Guided Notes IDs






Hindsight bias
Critical thinking
Theory
Hypothesis
Operational definitions
Replicate
Description



Case Study Method
Survey method
o Wording effects
 Framing
o Random sampling
 False consensus effect
 Population
Naturalistic Observation method
o Jane Goodall
Correlation Research Method
Correlation
o
o
o
Correlation coefficient
Scatterplot
 Negative correlation
 Positive correlation
Illusory correlations
Experimentation

Experiment
o Placebo
o Double-blind procedure
o Single-blind procedure
o Placebo effect
o Experimental condition
o Control condition
o Random assignment
o Independent variable
o Dependant variable
o Confounding variable/extraneous variable
Statistical Reasoning



Statistics
Bar graph/histogram
Measures of central tendency
o Mean
o Mode
o Median
o Skewed distributions



 Positively skewed
 Negatively skewed
Measures of variation
o Range
o Standard deviation
The normal curve
Making inferences
o Statistical significance
Ethical Guidelines




American Psychological Association (APA)
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Guidelines for Research with Humans
Guidelines for Research with Animals
Prologue Guided Notes
Psychology
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Rene Descartes
Francis Bacon
John Locke
Empiricism
Psychology is born










Wilhelm Wundt
o Introspection
Edward Titchener
o Structuralism
William James
o Functionalism
Charles Darwin
o Survival of the fittest
o Natural selection
Mary Calkins
Margret Floy Washburn
Ivan Pavlov
Sigmund Freud
Jean Piaget
John B. Watson








B.F. Skinner
Humanistic psychology
o Carl Rogers
o Abraham Maslow
Cognitive neuroscience
American Psychological Association
Nature – nurture debate
Levels of analysis
o Biological
o Psychological
o Social
 Biopsychosocial approach
Current perspectives
o Neuroscience
o Evolutionary
o Behavior genetics
o Psychodynamic
o Behavior
o Cognitive
o Social-cultural
Psychology’s subfields
o Basic research
 Biological psychologists
 Developmental psychological
 Cognitive psychologists
 Personality psychologists
 Social psychologists
o Applied research
 Industrial/organization psychologists
 Counseling psychologists
 Clinical psychologists
 Psychiatrists
Prologue
ID/Vocabulary words
Prologue
1. psychology
2. Socrates
3. Plato
4. Aristotle
5. Rene Descartes
6. John Locke (Tabula rasa)
7. empiricism
8. Wilhelm Wundt
9. functionalism
10. structuralism
11. Edward Titchener
12. introspection
13. William James
14. Charles Darwin
15. Mary Calkins
16. Margaret Washburn
17. Ivan Pavlov
18. Sigmund Freud
19. Jean Piaget
20. behaviorists
21. Humanistic psychology
22. Carl Rogers
23. Abraham Maslow
24. Cognitive revolution
25. Cognitive psychology
26. cognitive neuroscience
27. Little Albert
28. B. F Skinner
29. American Psychological Association (APA)
30. nature-nurture issue/debate
31. natural selection
32. Biopsychosocial approach
33. neuroscience perspective
34. evolutionary perspective
35. Behavior genetics perspective
36. Psychodynamic perspective
37. behavioral perspective
38. cognitive perspective
39. Social-Cultural perspective
40. basic research vs. applied research
41. biological psychologist
42. developmental psychologist
43. cognitive psychologist
44. personality psychologist
45. social psychologist
46. counseling psychologist
47. clinical psychologist
48. psychiatrist
49. Human factors psychologist
Ch 1
50. hindsight bias/ I knew it all along phenomenon
51. overconfidence
52. critical thinking
53. theory
54. hypotheses
55. replicate
56. operational definitions
57. case study
58. survey method
59. wording effects
60. random sample
61. false consensus effect
62. population
63. sample
64. naturalistic observation
65. Jane Goodall
66. correlation
67. correlation coefficient
68. scatterplots
69. illusory correlation
70. experiment
71. double-blind procedure
72. placebo effect
73. experimental condition/group
74. control condition/group
75. random assignment
76. independent variable
77. dependant variable
78. mean
79. mode
80. median
81. range
82. standard deviation
83. statistical significance
84. ethics
85. Mamie Phipps Clark & Kenneth B. Clark
EXERCISE
Unit 1: Introducing Psychology
Objectives (think about these as you read):
1. What is psychology?
2. What are the major subfields of psychology and how are they different?
3. How is psychology related to other fields like philosophy and biology?
4. What is empiricism and what is empirical research?
5. Describe the history of psychology by comparing structuralism, Gestalt psychology,
psychoanalysis, functionalism and behaviorism.
6. Compare and contrast the basic assumptions of six major approaches to understanding
psychological phenomena: Biological, Evolutionary, Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Cognitive,
Humanistic.
7. What is the “eclectic” approach to psychology?
8. How does culture influence behavior and mental processes?
Bernstein Text Chapter 1 Pp. 1 - 26
Read and take Cornell notes based on your reading instructions. Write down how long it takes you
to complete the reading and notes so you can know what to expect in terms of studying for future
chapters.
Bernstein Study Guide Chapter 1
1. Review the chapter based on your reading instructions.
2. Key Term Flashcards: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21
3. Additional Flashcards: Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchner, Structuralism, Gestalt, Freud,
Psychoanalysis, William James, Functionalism, Mary Whiton Calkins, John B. Watson,
Behaviorism,
4. Written assignments to turn in on separate paper with full heading. Copy the questions and
write the answers. Check your answers and grade your paper before class. Write the correct
answer for each one you got wrong.
a. Concepts and Exercises: (p. 7 – check answers on p. 15)
i. Research in High School
ii. The Problem of Depression
Vocabulary, Names & Terms you may see on Psychology
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abnormal behavior
absolute threshold
accommodation
(sensory)
accommodation vs.
assimilation
acetylcholine
acetylcholine &
Alzheimer's
achievement test
activation-synthesis
theory of dreaming
acquisition during
conditioning
adaptation
adaptive behavior
adrenal gland
afferent neuron
afterimage
agonist/antagonist
agoraphobia
Mary Ainsworth
algorithm
all-or-none response
alpha waves
Gordon Allport
altruism
amygdala
anatomy of ear
angular gyrus
anterograde amnesia
antisocial personality
disorder
anorexia nervosa
anxiety disorders
APA ethical guidelines
(4)
aphasia
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approach-approach
conflict
approach-avoidance
conflict
aptitude test
Ellliot Aronson
arousal theory
Solomon Asch
assimilation (Piaget)
attachment style
(Ainsworth)
attraction
attribution theory
authoritarian style
authoritative style
autism
autonomic/somatic
nervous system
availabililty heuristic
aversive conditioning
avoidance-avoidance
conflict
avoidant personality
disorder
axon
babbling stage
Albert Bandura
basic trust
basilar membrane
behavioral psychologist
Aaron Beck
belief bias
binocular cues: retinal
disparity & convergence
biofeedback
bipolar neurons (eye)
bipolar disorder
Blakemore & Cooper
study
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95.
blind spot
borderline personality
disorder
Broca's area
building block of nervous
system
bulimia
bystander effect
Cannon-Bard theory of
emotion
case study
catatonia
catharsis
Raymond Cattell
cerebral cortex
cholea
Norm Chomsky
chunking
circadian rhythm (25 hr.)
classical conditioning
(must know cold)
clinical depression
closure
cochlea
cognitive dissonance
cognitive psychologist
collectivism vs.
individualism
color blindness
compulsions
computerized axial
tomography (CAT)
cones
conditioned taste
aversion
confirmation bias
conformity
confounding variables
conservation
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content validity
continuity
control group
convergent thinking
conversion disorder
corpus collosum
correlation
correlational study
cortisols
counterconditioning
criterion-related validity
critical period
crystallized intelligence
cross-sectional study
defense mechanisms
deindividuation
deinstitutionalization
delta waves
delusions
dendrite
denial
dependent variable
depressant
depth perception
Rene Descartes
(nature/nurture?)
descriptive/inferential
statistics
diagnostic labeling
dichotic listening
difference threshold
(JND)
diffusion of responsibility
discrimination
(conditioning)
displaced aggression
displacement
dissociation vs. social
influence theory of
hypnosis
dispositional attribution
dissociative identity
disorder
divergent thinking
dopamine – relationship
to schizophrenia
double-blind
Down syndrome
drive-reduction theory
drug categories &
examples (ex. ecstasy,
morphine, etc.)
DSM-IV-TR
dysthymic disorder
Hermann Ebbinghaus
echoic memory
eclectic approach
efferent neuron
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ego
egocentrism
eidetic memory
electroconvulsive shock
therapy (ECT)
electroencephalogram
(EEG)
emotion
empirically derived
encoding
endorphins
enlarged, fluid-filled
areas in cerebral tissue &
schizophrenia
epinephrine
episodic memory
Erik Erikson (all stages)
evolutionary perspective
expectancy or set
experiment
experimental
psychologist
experimenter bias
explicit memory
external locus of control
extinction of conditioned
response (how?)
extraversion/introversion
extrinsic motivation
Eysenck’s personality
theory
factor analysis
false consensus effect
feature detectors (Hubel
& Wiesel)
feel-good, do-good
phenomenon
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
figure-ground
fixation
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
flashbulb memory &
amygdala
flaws in research design
fluid intelligence
fovea
foot-in-the-door
phenomenon
framing
free association
frequency theory vs.
place theory in hearing
Sigmund Freud
frontal lobe
frustration-aggression
principle
fugue
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functional fixedness
functional MRI (fMRI)
functionalism
(philosophical basis)
fundamental attribution
error
g factor (Spearman)
GABA
Phineas Gage
Franz Gall (phrenology)
ganglion cells (eye)
ganzfeld procedure
Gardner’s theory of
intelligence
gate-control theory
gender schema theory
general adaptation
syndrome
generalized anxiety
disorder
gestalt therapy
gestalt principles of
grouping: proximity,
similarity, continuity,
connectedness, closure
Carole Gilligan
glial cells
grammar
group polarization
groupthink
gustatory receptors
gyrus cinguli
habituation
hallucinations
Harry Harlow
heuristic
heritability
Hilgard & hidden
observer (hypnosis
theory)
hindsight bias
hippocampus
histrionic personality
disorder
holophrase
homeostasis
hormones
Karen Horney
humanistic psychologist
hypnogogic sensations
hypnosis
hypochondriasis
hypothalamus
iconic memory
id
illusory correlation
implicit memory
implosion therapy
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imprinting
incentive
motivation
independent variable
inner ear (structures &
functions)
insight
instinct
insulin
issues in psychology:
stability/change,
rationality/irrationality,
nature/nurture
intelligence quotient
(calc. & def.)
interneurons
internal locus of control
interposition
intrinsic motivation
William James
James-Lange theory of
emotion
Carl Jung (collective
unconscious)
just noticeable difference
just-world phenomenon
kinesthetic sense
Lawrence Kohlberg (3
stages of morality)
Wolfgang Kohler
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
language acquisition
(theories)
latent dream content
lateral hypothalamus
law of effect (Thorndike)
L-dopa
learned helplessness
left frontal lobe &
depression
left hemisphere
lens
lesion
LeVay’s studies
librium
limbic system
linguistic relativity
hypothesis
lithium
lobotomy & Egas Moniz
John Locke
(nature/nurture?)
Elizabeth Loftus &
reconstructive memory
longitudinal study
long-term potentiation
Konrad Lorenz
lymphocytes (T & B)
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magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
major depressive
disorder
mania
manifest dream content
Abraham Maslow &
hierarchy of needs
maturation
mean
measures of central
tendency
median
medical model of
disorders
medulla oblongata
memes
menarche
mental age
mental construct
mental set
mere exposure effect
metacognition
middle ear
Stanley Milgram
mirror-image perceptions
MMPI
mnemonic device
mode
modeling
monocular cues: relative
size, interposition,
relative clarity, texture
gradient, relative height,
relative movement,
linear perspective, light
& shadow)
mood-congruent memory
morpheme
motor & sensory cortex
motor neuron
Muller-Lyer illusion
multiple personality
disorder
myelin sheath
Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator
narcissistic personality
disorder
narcotic
negative reinforcement
(NOT punishment)
neural networks
neurosis
neurotransmitters
(inhibitory & excitatory)
night terrors vs.
nightmares
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335.
336.
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338.
339.
340.
341.
342.
343.
344.
345.
346.
347.
348.
349.
350.
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352.
353.
354.
355.
356.
357.
358.
359.
360.
361.
362.
363.
364.
365.
366.
367.
night vision
norepinephrine
normal distribution
norms
null hypothesis
object-relations theory
observational learning
obsessions
occipital lobe
olfactory (only sense to
bypass thalamus)
operant conditioning
(must know cold)
operational definition
opponent-process theory
opposing tendencies
optic chiasm
optimistic explanatory
style
oval window
overjustification effect
panic disorders
parallel processing
paranoia
parietal lobe
partial (intermittent)
reinforcement
Ivan Pavlov
perceptual constancies
permissive style
person-centered
psychotherapy
phenylketonuria(PKU)
pheromones
Phi phenomenon
phobias
phoneme
physiological addiction
Piaget's stages of
development (must know
cold)
pituitary gland
placebo
pleasure principle/reality
principle
pons
positive reinforcement
positive/negative
symptoms of
schizophrenia
positron emission
tomography (PET)
post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD)
place theory (hearing)
placebo
plasticity
prejudice
368.
369.
370.
371.
372.
373.
374.
375.
376.
377.
378.
379.
380.
381.
382.
383.
384.
385.
386.
387.
388.
389.
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391.
392.
393.
394.
395.
396.
397.
398.
399.
400.
401.
402.
403.
404.
405.
406.
407.
408.
409.
410.
411.
412.
413.
primacy effect
primary/secondary
reinforcers
proactive interference
procedural memory
projection
projective test
prolactin
prototype
proximity
psychoanalysis
psychodynamic (derived
from Freud)/psychoanalytic (Freud)
psychophysics
psychosexual stages
psychosis
psychotherapy
punishment
random assignment
random selection
randomization
rational-emotive therapy
(Ellis)
rationalization
reaction formation
recency effect
reciprocal determinism
reciprocity norm
refractory period
regression
regression toward the
mean
rehearsal
reliability
REM sleep
replication
repression
representativeness
heuristic
research: case study,
naturalistic observation,
correlational studies,
longitudinal research,
cross-sectional studies,
experiments
resistance (in
psychoanalysis)
respondent behavior
response bias
reticular formation
retrieval
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
reuptake
reversibility
right hemisphere
rods
414.
415.
416.
417.
418.
419.
420.
421.
422.
423.
424.
425.
426.
427.
428.
429.
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434.
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445.
446.
447.
448.
449.
450.
451.
452.
453.
454.
455.
456.
457.
458.
459.
460.
461.
462.
Carl Rogers
rooting
Rorschach test
Rosenhan’s study &
diagnostic labels
savant syndrome
scapegoating
Sandra Scarr
scatterplot
Schacter's two-factor
theory
schema
schizoid personality
disorder
schizophrenia (4 types)
seasonal affective
disorder (SAD)
secondary sex
characteristics
selective attention
self-actualization needs
self-efficacy
self-fulfilling prophecy
self-serving bias
Martin Seligman
Hans Selye
semantics
semi-circular canal
sensorineural hearing
loss vs. conduction loss
sensory adaptation
sensory neuron
serial position effect
serotonin
set point
sexual response cycle
shape constancy
shaping
short-term memory
signal detection theory
similarity (in perception)
situational attribution
size constancy
skewed left (or right)
distribution
B. F. Skinner
sleep apnea
sleep spindles
social exchange theory
social facilitation
social inhibition
social learning theory
social loafing
social trap
sodium &
potassium/action
potential
somatoform disorder
463.
464.
465.
466.
467.
468.
469.
470.
471.
472.
473.
474.
475.
476.
477.
478.
479.
480.
481.
482.
483.
484.
485.
486.
487.
488.
489.
490.
491.
492.
493.
494.
495.
496.
497.
498.
499.
500.
501.
502.
503.
504.
505.
506.
507.
508.
509.
split-half reliability
spontaneous recovery
spotlight effect
SSRI
standard deviation
Stanford-Binet
state-dependent learning
stereotype
Sternberg’s triarchic
theory of intelligence
stimulant
stimulus generalization
storage (memory)
stroboscopic motion
structuralism
(philosophical basis)
subjective well-being
sublimation
subliminal messages
superego
superordinate goals
sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous
system
symptoms of
schizophrenia
synapse
syntax
systematic
desensitization
taste aversion (Garcia &
Koelling study)
telegraphic speech
temporal lobe
temperament
teratogens
Lewis Terman
terminal buttons
terror-management
theory
testosterone
thalamus
Thematic Apperception
Test (TAT)
Theory X/Theory Y
threshold (neural firing)
thyroxine
token economy
tolerance
top-down/bottom-up
processing
trait theory
transduction
transference
Type A & B personalities
(Friedman & Rosenman)
validity
variable-ratio schedule
510.
511.
512.
513.
514.
515.
516.
517.
518.
519.
520.
521.
522.
523.
524.
525.
526.
527.
528.
variable-interval
schedule
variance
ventromedial
hypothalamus
vestibular sense
visual capture
visual cliff
John B. Watson
Weber’s law
Wechsler intelligence
scales
(WAIS, WISC)
Wernicke's area
Benjamin Whorf
Withdrawal
Wilhelm Wundt
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Young-Helmholtz
trichromatic theory
z-score
Robert Zajonc
zygote