Presentation Plus! Understanding Psychology
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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 Why Study Psychology?
SECTION 2 A Brief History of
Psychology
SECTION 3 Psychology as a
Profession
CHAPTER SUMMARY
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
3
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Chapter Objectives
Section 1: Why Study Psychology?
• Describe how, through the study of
psychology, people can discover
psychological principles that have the
potential to enrich the lives of humans. 
Section 2: A Brief History of Psychology
• Discuss the set of questions, theories,
methods, and possible answers in
psychology that have been passed on
and changed over time.
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the information.
Chapter Objectives (cont.)
Section 3: Psychology as a Profession
• Summarize how psychologists are trained
to observe, analyze, and evaluate
behavior patterns, to develop theories of
behavior, and to apply what they have
learned.
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Reader’s Guide
Main Idea
– Through the study of psychology, people can
discover psychological principles that have the
potential to enrich the lives of humans. 
Objectives
– Describe the range of topics that are covered
in an introductory psychology course. 
– Cite the goals and scientific basis of psychology.
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Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Vocabulary
– physiological 
– cognitive 
– psychology 
– hypothesis 
– theory 
– basic science 
– applied science 
– scientific method
Click the Speaker button
to listen to Exploring
Psychology.
8
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Introduction
• From a psychologist’s point of view,
Steve is demonstrating complex
behavior. 
• Steve stays on his computer from
midnight until morning, often ignoring
physiological, or physical, needs such
as sleep and hunger.
physiological
having to do with an
organism’s physical
processes
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Introduction (cont.)
• He engages in this behavior because of
cognitive, or private, unobservable
mental reasons. 
• Or Steve’s behavior may be motivated by
emotions–he goes online to avoid the
pressures of college life. 
• There may also be subconscious,
emotional, and behavioral reasons.
cognitive
having to do with an
organism’s thinking and
understanding
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Introduction (cont.)
• Learning about psychology can help
you gain… 
– a better understanding of your own behavior. 
– knowledge about how psychologists study
human and animal behavior. 
– practical applications for enriching your life.
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Gaining Insight Into Behavior
• Psychology can provide useful insight
into behavior. 
• Suppose a student is convinced that he is
hopelessly shy and doomed forever to
feel uncomfortable in groups. 
• He might learn through social psychology
that different kinds of groups tend to have
different effects on their members.
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Acquiring Practical Information
• Most material in this presentation has a
practical application in everyday life. 
• For instance, Chapter 9 describes the
systematic way of dispensing rewards
and punishments called shaping. 
• Chapter 10 includes a description of
several mnemonic devices, or memory
aids, that help you retain information.
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Overview of Psychology
• Psychology is the scientific study of
behavior and mental processes. 
• Such study can involve both animal and
human behaviors. 
• When applied to humans, psychology
covers everything that people think, feel,
and do.
psychology
the scientific study of behavior
that is tested through scientific
research
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Overview of Psychology (cont.)
• Psychologists agree that the study of
behavior must be systematic. 
• The use of a systematic method of asking
and answering questions about why
people think, act, and feel as they do
reduces the chances of coming to
false conclusions. 
• Many different approaches are necessary
to understand the complex richness of
human behavior.
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The Goals of Psychology
• As psychologists go about their
systematic and scientific study of
humans and animals, they have several
goals–describe, explain, predict, and
influence behavior.
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Description
• The first goal for any scientist or
psychologist is to describe or gather
information about the behavior being
studied and to present what is known.
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Explanation
• Psychologists are not content simply to
state the facts. 
• Rather, they also seek to explain why
people (or animals) behave as they do. 
• Psychologists propose these explanations
as hypotheses. 
• A hypothesis is an educated guess about
some phenomenon.
hypothesis
an assumption about behavior
that is tested through scientific
research
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Explanation (cont.)
• As research studies designed to test
each hypothesis are completed, more
complex explanations called theories
are constructed. 
• A theory is usually a complex explanation
based on findings from a large number of
experimental studies.
theory
a set of assumptions used to
explain phenomena and
offered for scientific study
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Prediction
• The third goal of psychologists is to
predict, as a result of accumulated
knowledge, what organisms will do and,
in the case of humans, what they will
think or feel in various situations. 
• By studying descriptive and theoretical
accounts of past behaviors, psychologists
can predict future behaviors.
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Influence
• Finally, some psychologists seek to
influence behavior in helpful ways. 
• These psychologists are conducting
studies with a long-term goal of finding out
more about human or animal behavior. 
• They are doing basic science, or
research.
basic science
the pursuit of knowledge
about natural phenomena for
its own sake
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Influence (cont.)
• Other psychologists are more interested
in discovering ways to use what
we already know about people to
benefit others. 
• They view psychology as an applied
science and are using psychological
principles to solve more immediate
problems.
applied science
discovering ways to use
scientific findings to
accomplish practical goals
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Influence (cont.)
• Psychologists who study the ability of
infants to perceive visual patterns are
doing basic research. 
• Psychologists studying rapid eye
movement in sleep research are also
involved in basic science. 
• If they discover that one individual has a
sleep disturbance, they will try to
understand and explain the situation, but
they may not try to correct it. 
• That is a job for applied scientists.
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The Scientific Basis of Psychology
• To ensure that data is collected
accurately, psychologists rely on the
scientific method. 
• In psychology, data is obtained from
methods such as experiments, surveys,
and case studies.
scientific method
a general approach to gathering
information and answering
questions so that errors and
biases are minimized
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The Scientific Method
25
The Scientific Basis of
Psychology (cont.)
• Psychologists reach their conclusions by
identifying a specific problem or question,
formulating a hypothesis, collecting data
through observation and experimentation,
and analyzing the data. 
• The scientific basis of psychology goes
back many years. 
• Today people are very sophisticated about
scientific procedures, but that has not
always been true.
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The Scientific Basis of
Psychology (cont.)
• Although psychologists use the scientific
method to demonstrate and support many
theories, many questions about behavior
remain unanswered. 
• Psychological theories are continually
reviewed and revised. 
• New theories and technological
developments are constantly
generating new questions and new
psychological studies.
27
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Section Assessment
Review the Vocabulary What is the
difference between a hypothesis
and a theory?
A hypothesis is an assumption that
can be scientifically tested. A theory
is an explanation based on numerous
scientific studies.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Visualize the Main Idea In a graphic
organizer similar to the one shown
on page 13 of your textbook, list and
describe the goals of psychology.
Graphic organizers should include
description, explanation, prediction,
and influence.
29
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recall Information Why do
psychologists use the scientific
method?
For psychology to be considered a
science, psychologists must base
their conclusions on studies that are
not full of errors or bias.
30
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Think Critically How might a
psychologist doing basic science
and a psychologist practicing
applied science differ in their
approach to the issue of “Internet
addiction”?
Psychologists using basic science
would seek to explain the behavior;
applied scientists would seek ways
to alter the destructiveness of
the addiction.
31
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Make a prediction of a future
behavior based on past behaviors.
You may select your own behaviors
or behaviors you observe in others.
32
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Reader’s Guide
Main Idea
– Psychology involves sets of questions,
theories, methods, and possible answers
that have been passed on and changed from
generation to generation. 
Objectives
– Explain important trends in the history
of psychology. 
– Identify various approaches to the study
of psychology.
34
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Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Vocabulary
– structuralist 
– introspection 
– functionalist 
– psychoanalyst 
– behaviorist 
– humanist 
– cognitivist 
– psychobiologist
Click the Speaker button
to listen to Exploring
Psychology.
35
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information. Section 2 begins on page 14 of your textbook.
Introduction
• In the 1800s Marmaduke B. Sampson
wrote an account to explain why crime
occurs. According to Sampson, the
behavior of S.S. was the direct result of
the shape of his head. 
• Phrenology–the practice of examining
bumps on a person’s skull to determine
that person’s intellect and character
traits–became an important practice in the
United States in the mid-1800s.
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Introduction (cont.)
• Although this pseudoscience may appear
ridiculous to us, modern scientists credit
phrenology for encouraging study into
the role of the brain in human behavior. 
• Phrenology may have inspired scientists
to consider the brain, instead of the heart,
as responsible for human behavior.
37
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The Origins of Psychology
• Psychology has come a long way since
the days of studying bumps on skulls. 
• In the fifth and sixth centuries B.C., the
Greeks began to study human behavior
and decided that people’s lives were
dominated not so much by the gods as by
their own minds: people were rational. 
• These early philosophers attempted to
interpret the world they observed around
them in terms of human perceptions, and
these qualities influenced people’s
experience of them.
38
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The Origins of Psychology (cont.)
• Although the Greek philosophers did not
rely on systematic study, they did set the
stage for the development of the
sciences, including psychology, through
their reliance on observation as a means
of knowing their world. 
• As one psychologist has expressed it,
“Modern science began to emerge by
combining philosophers’ reflections, logic,
and mathematics with the observations
and inventiveness of practical people”
(Hilgard, 1987).
39
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Historical Approaches
• The history of psychology is a history of
alternative perspectives. 
• As the field of psychology evolved,
various schools of thought arose to
compete and offer new approaches to the
science of behavior.
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Structuralism
• In 1879 in Leipzig, Germany, Wilhelm
Wundt (1832–1920) started his
Laboratory of Psychology. 
• Because of his efforts to pursue the study
of human behavior in a systematic and
scientific manner, Wundt is generally
acknowledged as establishing modern
psychology as a separate, formal field
of study. 
• Although he was trained in physiology–the
study of how the body works–Wundt’s real
interest was in the human mind.
41
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Structuralism (cont.)
• Wundt was a structuralist, which means
that he was interested in the basic
elements of human experience. 
• He developed a method of selfobservation called introspection to
collect information about the mind.
structuralist
a psychologist who studied
the basic elements that make
up conscious mental
experiences
42
introspection
a method of selfobservation in which
participants report their
thoughts and feelings
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Functionalism
• William James (1842–1910) focused on
the functions or purposes of the
conscious mind and the goals or
functions or purposes of behaviors. 
• Functionalists study how mental
processes help animals and people adapt
to their environment.
functionalist
a psychologist who studies
the function (rather than the
structure) of consciousness
43
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Inheritable Traits
• Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911), a
nineteenth-century English scientist and
mathematician, wanted to understand
how heredity influences a person’s
abilities, character, and behavior. 
• After a study, he concluded that genius or
eminence is a hereditary trait. 
• Later, scientists all over the world
recognized the flaws in Galton’s theory. 
• A person’s heredity and that person’s
environment interact to produce
intelligence.
44
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Gestalt Psychology
• A group of German psychologists
disagreed with the principles of
structuralism and behaviorism. 
• They argued that perception is more than
the sum of its parts–it involves a “whole
pattern” or, in German, a Gestalt. 
• Gestalt psychologists studied how
sensations are assembled into
perceptual experiences. 
• This approach became the forerunner
for cognitive approaches to the study
of psychology.
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Contemporary Approaches
• Many ideas taken from the historical
approaches to psychology are reflected
in contemporary approaches to the study
of psychology. 
• The most important approaches to the
study of psychology today are the
psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic,
cognitive, biological, and sociocultural
approaches.
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Contemporary Approaches
to Psychology
47
Psychoanalytic Psychology
• While the first psychologists were
interested in understanding the
conscious mind, Sigmund Freud (1856–
1939) was more interested in the
unconscious mind. 
• Freud used a new method for indirectly
studying unconscious processes. 
• In this technique, known as free
association, a patient said everything that
came to mind–no matter how absurd or
irrelevant it seemed–without attempting to
produce logical or meaningful statements.
48
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Psychoanalytic Psychology (cont.)
• Freud’s role, that of psychoanalyst,
was to be objective; he merely sat
and listened and then interpreted
the associations. 
• In many areas of psychology today,
Freud’s view of unconscious motivation
remains a powerful and controversial
influence.
psychoanalyst
a psychologist who studies
how unconscious motives and
conflicts determine human
behavior
49
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Behavioral Psychology
• The pioneering work of Russian
physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)
charted another new course for
psychological investigation. 
• Psychologists who stressed investigating
observable behavior became known as
behaviorists.
behaviorist
a psychologist who analyzes how
organisms learn or modify their
behavior based on their response
to events in the environment
50
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Humanistic Psychology
• Humanistic psychology developed as a
reaction to behavioral psychology. 
• In the 1960s, humanists described
human nature as evolving and selfdirected. 
• Humanistic psychology does not view
humans as being controlled by events in
the environment or by unconscious forces.
humanist
a psychologist who believes
that each person has freedom
in directing his or her future
and achieving personal growth
51
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Cognitive Psychology
• Cognitivists focus on how we process,
store, and use information and how this
information influences our thinking,
language, problem solving, and
creativity. 
• They believe that behavior is more
than a simple response to a stimulus;
it is influenced by a variety of
mental processes.
cognitivist
a psychologist who studies how
we process, store, retrieve, and
use information and how cognitive
processes influence our behavior
52
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Biological Psychology
• This viewpoint emphasizes the impact of
biology on our behavior. 
• Psychobiologists study how the brain,
the nervous system, and hormones and
genetics influence our behavior. 
• Recently, psychobiologists have
discovered a link between chemicals in
the brain and human behavior.
psychobiologist
a psychologist who studies
how physical and chemical
changes in our bodies
influence our behavior
53
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Sociocultural Psychology
• The newest approach to psychology
involves studying the influence of cultural
and ethnic similarities and differences on
behavior and social functioning. 
• For example, a sociocultural psychologist
considers how our knowledge and
ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
are dependent on the culture to which
we belong.
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Sociocultural Psychology (cont.)
• Sociocultural psychologists also study
the impact and integration of the millions
of immigrants who come to the United
States each year. 
• The sociocultural approach is also
concerned with issues such as gender
and socioeconomic status and is based
on the idea that these factors impact
human behavior and mental processes.
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Section Assessment
Review the Vocabulary Using your own
words, describe the structuralist,
functionalist, behaviorist, and humanist
approaches to the study of psychology.
– Structuralism: study of the basic elements
of mental experiences.
– Functionalism: study of the function of
consciousness.
– Behaviorism: study of how organisms learn
or modify their behavior based on their
response to events in the environment.
– Humanism: study believing that human
nature is evolving and self-directed.
56
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Visualize the Main Idea Use a
graphic organizer similar to the
one shown on page 22 of your
textbook to list the different
historical approaches to the
study of psychology.
The graphic organizers should include
structuralism, functionalism,
inheritable traits, and Gestalt.
57
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recall Information Identify some
issues that sociocultural
psychologists might research.
Some possible issues sociocultural
psychologists might research include
the long-term effects of war and
the effects of poverty on the ability
to learn.
58
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Think Critically With which
approach to psychology do you
most agree? Why?
While opinions will vary, you must be
able to defend your answer.
59
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Section Assessment (cont.)
An old cliché states that “a little
learning is a dangerous thing.” Do
you agree or disagree with the
statement as it relates to
understanding human behavior?
Defend your answer.
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Reader’s Guide
Main Idea
– Psychologists are trained to observe, analyze,
and evaluate behavior patterns, to develop
theories of behavior, and to apply what they
have learned to influence behavior. 
Objectives
– Explain the work of a psychologist. 
– Summarize the careers and specialized fields
in psychology.
62
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Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Vocabulary
– psychologist 
– clinical psychologist 
– counseling psychologist 
– psychiatry 
– developmental psychologist 
– educational psychologist 
– community psychologist 
– industrial/organizational
psychologist 
– experimental psychologist
63
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Click the Speaker button
to listen to Exploring
Psychology.
Introduction
• Depression is an emotional state of
dejection and sadness, ranging from mild
discouragement to feelings of utter
hopelessness and despair. 
• Some psychologists conduct research to
collect information and form theories
about disorders such as depression. 
• Other psychologists apply that information
in the form of therapy to help people cope
with depression.
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What Is a Psychologist?
• Psychologists are people who have
been trained to observe, analyze,
evaluate, and treat behavior. 
• They usually have a doctorate degree
in psychology. 
• There are many different fields of
psychology.
psychologist
a scientist who studies the
mind and behavior of humans
and animals
65
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What Is a Psychologist? (cont.)
• As the field of psychology expanded, it
divided into a number of subfields. 
• Clinical psychologists help people deal
with their personal problems. 
• Counseling psychologists usually work
in schools or industrial firms, advising and
assisting people with the problems of
everyday life.
clinical psychologist
a psychologist who diagnoses
and treats people with
emotional disturbances
66
counseling psychologist
a psychologist who usually
helps people with problems
of living
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What Is a Psychologist? (cont.)
• People often confuse the terms
psychologist and psychiatrist. 
• Psychiatry is a specialty of medicine. 
• After a student of psychiatry completes
medical school, he or she continues
training in psychiatric medicine and learns
to treat people with disturbed behavior.
psychiatry
a branch of medicine that
deals with mental, emotional,
or behavioral disorders
67
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What Is a Psychologist? (cont.)
• School psychologists, educated in
principles of human development,
clinical psychology, and education,
help young people with emotional or
learning problems. 
• A large number of specialists study
personality, social psychology, or
developmental psychology. 
• These psychologists are usually involved
in basic rather than applied science.
68
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What Is a Psychologist? (cont.)
• Developmental psychologists study
physical, emotional, cognitive, and social
changes that occur throughout life. 
• Educational psychologists deal with
topics related to teaching children and
young adults, such as intelligence,
memory, problem solving, and motivation.
developmental
psychologist
a psychologist who studies
the emotional, cognitive,
biological, personal, and
social changes that occur
as an individual matures
69
educational psychologist
a psychologist who is
concerned with helping
students learn
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What Is a Psychologist? (cont.)
• A community psychologist may help
design, run, or evaluate a mental health
clinic. 
• Industrial/organizational psychologists
study and develop methods to boost
production, improve working conditions,
place applicants in jobs for which they are
best suited, train people, and reduce
accidents.
community psychologist
a psychologist who may work
in a mental health or social
welfare agency
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industrial/organizational
psychologist
a psychologist who uses
psychological concepts to
improve the workplace
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What Is a Psychologist? (cont.)
• Environmental psychologists work in
business settings to study the effects of
the environment on people. 
• Psychobiologists study the effect of drugs
or try to explain behavior in terms of
biological factors, such as electrical and
chemical activities in the nervous system. 
• Forensic psychologists work in legal, court,
and correctional systems. 
• Health psychologists study the interaction
between physical and psychological
health factors.
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What Is a Psychologist? (cont.)
• Experimental psychologists perform
research to understand how humans
(and animals) operate physically and
psychologically. 
• Experimental psychologists supply
information and research used
in psychology.
experimental psychologist
a psychologist who studies
sensation, perception, learning,
motivation, and emotion in carefully
controlled laboratory conditions
72
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What Is a Psychologist? (cont.)
• The American Psychological Association
(APA), founded in 1892, is a scientific
and professional society of psychologists
and educators. 
• It is the major psychological association in
the United States and is the world’s
largest association of psychologists. 
• The APA is made of 52 divisions, each
representing a specific area, type of work
or research setting, or activity.
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Section Assessment
Review the Vocabulary Describe
the work of a clinical, a
counseling, a developmental, and
a community psychologist.
– Clinical psychologist: diagnoses and treats
emotional disturbances.
– Counseling psychologist: helps people deal
with everyday problems.
– Developmental psychologist: studies
human developmental changes.
– Community psychologist: designs, runs, or
evaluates mental health clinics.
74
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Visualize the Main Idea Use a
graphic organizer similar to the one
shown on page 28 of your textbook
to name several specialty fields of
psychology.
Graphic organizers may include any
of the specialty fields covered in this
section.
75
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recall Information How might the
work of environmental psychologists
differ from that of industrial/
organizational psychologists?
Environmental psychologists explore
how the environment affects people;
industrial/organizational
psychologists try to improve business
by boosting productivity and
improving working conditions.
76
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Think Critically If you decided to
continue in the field of psychology,
what type of psychologist would
you want to be? Why?
Your descriptions should display an
understanding of the basic goals of
your chosen specialty.
77
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Brainstorm ways in which
psychologists have improved
our lives.
78
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Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Section 1: Why Study Psychology?
• Psychology is the scientific study of
behavior and mental processes. 
• The goals of psychology are description,
explanation, prediction, and influence. 
• Psychologists rely on the scientific method
when researching an issue. 
• Psychology can provide insight into
behavior and has practical applications in
everyday life.
80
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Section 2: A Brief History of
Psychology
• Historical approaches to psychology
include structuralism, functionalism,
inheritable traits, and Gestalt psychology. 
• Psychoanalytic psychology involves
interpretation of unconscious thoughts. 
• Behaviorists investigate observable
behavior. 
• Humanists believe that human behavior is
self-directed.
81
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Section 2: A Brief History of
Psychology (cont.)
• Cognitive psychologists focus on mental
processes and rationally motivated
behavior. 
• Psychobiologists are interested in the
physiological basis of behavior in humans
and animals. 
• Sociocultural psychology is a modern
influential movement on how to view
human behavior from a political and crosscultural point of view.
82
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Section 3: Psychology as a
Profession
• Psychiatrists and clinical psychologists
both treat people with psychological
disorders. Psychiatrists are medical
doctors, whereas clinical psychologists are
trained in psychology. 
• There are many specialty fields in
psychology, including clinical,
developmental, industrial/organizational,
experimental, and community psychology.
83
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Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Reviewing Vocabulary
Use the correct term or concept to complete the following
sentences.
1. Psychologists who do research in memory,
perception, and learning are involved in
experimental psychology
____________________.
functionalist wants to learn how various
2. A(n) __________
mental processes help people adapt to their
environment.
3. A psychologist who focuses on studying
objectively verifiable phenomena is known as
behaviorist
a(n) _________.
4. The type of psychologist who usually works in a
mental health clinic, mental hospital, or prison is
clinical psychologist
called a(n) ________________.
85
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to display the answers.
Reviewing Vocabulary (cont.)
Use the correct term or concept to complete the following
sentences.
Industrial/organizational psychology is concerned
5. _____________________________
with using psychological concepts to make the
workplace a more satisfying environment for
employees.
psychobiologist would study the influence of
6. A(n) _____________
biological factors on behavior and mental
processes.
hypothesis predicts what
7. An educated guess, or _________,
the results of testing will be.
structuralist would attempt to describe the
8. A(n) __________
basic elements of human experience.
86
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Reviewing Vocabulary (cont.)
Use the correct term or concept to complete the following
sentences.
9. A belief or set of beliefs that is used to explain
observed facts and to predict new facts is called
theory
a(n) _____.
psychologist charts changes
10. A(n) developmental
______________________
in behavior as people grow older, trying to
understand the factors that influence those
changes.
87
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Recalling Facts
What is psychology?
Psychology is the scientific study of
behavior that is tested through
scientific research.
88
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Recalling Facts
What are the steps of the scientific
method?
The steps of the scientific method are
(1) identifying a specific
problem/question, (2) formulating a
hypothesis, (3) collecting data, and (4)
analyzing data.
89
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Recalling Facts
What are four goals of psychology?
The four goals of psychology are
description, explanation, prediction,
and influence.
90
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Recalling Facts
What method of study did Wundt
develop to collect information about
the mind?
Wundt developed a self-observation
technique known as introspection.
This technique is based on Wundt’s
experiments in which trained
participants reported their thoughts to
Wundt. Wundt then tried to map out
the basic structure of the human
thought process.
91
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Recalling Facts
Using a graphic organizer similar to
the one on page 30 of your textbook,
compare and contrast functionalism
and behaviorism.
92
Building Skills
Identifying Cause-and-Effect Relationships
Review the cartoon on page 31 in your
textbook and answer the questions that
follow.
93
Building Skills
Identifying Cause-and-Effect Relationships
How might this girl have “learned” to
avoid the intended bad consequences of
pulling the string?
She may have encountered this situation
before. Now she has learned (from
experience) to avoid the bad consequences.
94
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to display the answer.
Building Skills
Identifying Cause-and-Effect Relationships
Which approach to psychology might this
cartoon illustrate?
behaviorism (Her behavior is the result of
conditioning.)
95
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to display the answer.
I am a new approach to psychology
that studies how cultural and ethnic
similarities and differences influence
behavior. What approach am I?
sociocultural psychology
96
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to display the answer.
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the
Understanding Psychology Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites
correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web
site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://psychology.glencoe.com
Think about your personal reasons for
studying psychology. Write an entry in your
journal of at least 100 words describing what
you hope to gain from this experience.
Record examples of observable and
unobservable behaviors. Analyze how your
unobservable behaviors influence your
observable behaviors.
Write one paragraph expressing why
understanding the history of psychology will
be helpful in learning about modern
psychological methods.
Write about what you think a psychologist
might do on a day-to-day basis if he or she
were employed by a large business.
The Four Humors
Read the case study presented on
page 23 of your textbook. Be prepared
to answer the questions that appear
on the following slides. A discussion
prompt and additional information
follow the questions.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 23 of your textbook.
The Four Humors
According to Galen’s hypothesis,
how are a person’s physical and
mental states related?
Galen hypothesized that the four humors gave off
vapors that rose to the brain. A mentally healthy
individual exhibited a balance in the humors. An
unhealthy personality had an imbalance in the
humors.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 23 of your textbook.
The Four Humors
How did Galen treat psychological
disorders?
Galen gave people poisonous herbs to induce
vomiting. This was thought to bring the humors
back into balance. Galen also recognized the
value of a balanced diet in maintaining mental
health.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 23 of your textbook.
The Four Humors
Critical Thinking How can Galen’s
original theory be used today as a
prescription for a healthy personality?
Galen stressed maintaining balance in the four
humors. Although his theory of humors was
wrong, his concept of maintaining balance can be
applied to personality and lifestyle. Extremes in
personality, such as extreme anger or
depression, can result in a variety of physical and
psychological ailments.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 23 of your textbook.
The Four Humors
Discuss the following:
How are mental and physical health
related?
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 23 of your textbook.
The Four Humors
Galen was both a physician and a
philosopher. As a young man he studied the
healing arts at Asclepius’s sanctuary.
Asclepius was the Roman god of healing.
After studying there, Galen traveled widely
and continued his learning. He was
eventually appointed to the prestigious
position of physician to the gladiators. For
four years, he honed his skills in treating
traumas and sports injuries.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 23 of your textbook.
The Four Humors
– Galen was a prolific medical and philosophical
writer. 
– Throughout his writings, he freely combined medicine
and philosophy. 
– At the time, philosophy enjoyed a place of
prominence. 
– Galen argued that medicine should be given the same
status as philosophy. 
– His influence on Western medical thought and practice
continued throughout the Middle Ages. Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. This feature is found on page 23 of your textbook.
The Four Humors
– Like all physicians of his day, Galen used a variety
of herbs to treat medical conditions. 
– Many in the medical community today are
reexamining the usefulness of herbal remedies to
treat a variety of ailments.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. This feature is found on page 23 of your textbook.
Continued on next slide.
Continued on next slide.
Answers:
1. Examples are
hunger, thirst,
and sleep. 
2. He is trying to
finish his work by
the deadline. 
3. Examples
include stress,
fatigue, and
anger. 
4. cognitive needs,
because they are
internal, more
complex and
unobservable
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the answers.
Continued on next slide.
Answers:
1. physical traits
such as hair and
eye color 
2. Other factors
may include the
effects of
school and
culture, or other
aspects of a
person’s
environment. 
3. Wealthy
families have
advantages
others do not.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the answers.
Continued on next slide.
Answers:
1. Production line:
organizational,
Laboratory:
experimental,
Earthquake:
environment,
Courtroom:
forensic 
2. Answers may
include
complexity of
behavior,
interests of
psychologists,
and the needs of
society.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the answers.
Jean Piaget–Child Psychologist
Sigmund Freud–Psychoanalyst
Introduction
Use the Reader’s Dictionary that appears
on the next slide to help explain unfamiliar
terms as you read the article on pages 32–
33 of your textbook. Be prepared to
answer the questions that follow.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on pages 32–33 of your textbook.
Jean Piaget–Child Psychologist
Sigmund Freud–Psychoanalyst
Reader’s Dictionary
prolific: productive
cognitive theory: explores the
difference between inborn knowledge
and what is learned from the
environment
genetic epistemology: the study of
the limits of inborn abilities and traits
anthropology: the study of human
and animal cultures and societies
pedagogical theory: explores how
learning occurs
psyche: the mind
neurotic: having emotional
instabilities
Oedipus complex: attraction to
the parent of the opposite gender
neurasthenics: mental disorders
characterized by fatigue,
listlessness, feelings of
inadequacy, and other symptoms
of emotional instability
introspection: an examination of
one’s own thoughts and feelings
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on pages 32–33 of your textbook.
Jean Piaget–Child Psychologist
Sigmund Freud–Psychoanalyst
Analyzing the Articles
What was Piaget’s contribution to
psychology?
He promoted the idea that children build their
knowledge; they are not empty vessels. His
exploration of how children gain knowledge
helped clarify inborn knowledge and knowledge
which was gained through learning.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on pages 32–33 of your textbook.
Jean Piaget–Child Psychologist
Sigmund Freud–Psychoanalyst
Analyzing the Articles
CRITICAL THINKING How might the ways we think about
children and ourselves be different today if Piaget and
Freud had not proposed their theories?
If Piaget had not proposed his theories, we would see
children’s thought processes as illogical. His ideas provided
the foundation for today’s education-reform movements. If
Freud had not proposed his theories, we would be less aware
of unconscious desires and struggles that exist from infancy.
Also, Freud’s theories motivated many others to research
psychological concepts. Many of these psychologists have
proposed theories of their own that contribute to our
understanding of human behavior.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on pages 32–33 of your textbook.
Jean Piaget–Child Psychologist
Sigmund Freud–Psychoanalyst
Discussion
How does Einstein’s comment “so
simple that only a genius could have
thought of it” apply to children’s
thinking?
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on pages 32–33 of your textbook.
Jean Piaget–Child Psychologist
Sigmund Freud–Psychoanalyst
Discussion
What technique did both Piaget and
Freud employ?
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on pages 32–33 of your textbook.
Jean Piaget–Child Psychologist
Sigmund Freud–Psychoanalyst
Discussion
What part of Freud’s theories is most
difficult for you to accept? Why?
This feature is found on pages 32–33 of your textbook.
Pavlovian Dog Experiment
From the Classroom of Nathan McAlister
Highland Park High School, Topeka, Kansas
This experiment is an introduction to
classical conditioning.
Materials Needed:
1 large bag of instant lemon crystals
(lemonade will do)
1 set of cupcake forms (one for each student)
1 bell (a cowbell works best)
Continued on next slide.
Pavlovian Dog Experiment
From the Classroom of Nathan McAlister
Highland Park High School, Topeka, Kansas
Step 1:
Fill a cupcake paper form approximately one-quarter
full of instant lemon crystals. 
Step 2:
Remain silent throughout the experiment. Lick one
finger and at the sound of the bell, place the wet
finger in the lemon crystals and immediately put that
finger on the tongue, then remove the finger from
the mouth.
Continued on next slide.
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information.
Pavlovian Dog Experiment
From the Classroom of Nathan McAlister
Highland Park High School, Topeka, Kansas
Step 3:
Repeat this procedure 20 times, then stop. 
Step 4:
Sound the bell once more. Did you salivate?
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information.
The word “psychology” is derived from two
Greek words: psyche, meaning mind or soul,
and logia, meaning study or investigation.
Although the word “psychology” was used as
early as the sixteenth century, it was not
considered an independent science until the
second half of the nineteenth century.
Cuban psychologists live in a Soviet-styled
environment. Although they are familiar with the
work of Freud, Skinner, and Adler, they base much
of their work on Lev Vygotsky. He is considered the
father of Russian psychology. Vygotsky’s theories of
sociocultural influence were used in developing the
Soviet educational system. As a result of his
influence, Cuban psychologists are more likely to
counsel a would-be defector to suppress individual
needs and yield to government demands for loyalty.
Therapy Model
In the era of managed care, even the amount of
psychotherapy that may be required to treat various
types of disorders has been studied. Kenneth Howard,
Ph.D., and Mark Kopta, Ph.D., have developed a
dosage model that estimates the number of
psychotherapy sessions that a person needs to achieve
normal psychological functioning. The model takes into
account such things as the psychologist’s listening and
empathizing skills. In general, they estimated that one
year of psychotherapy sessions would be needed to
have a 75 percent chance of regaining normal
psychological functioning.
Behavior
• The December 1998 edition of PsychNews
International contained the responses received
to a hypothetical situation in which someone
confesses to murder in an online newsgroup. 
• The majority of respondents (56.4 percent)
said that they would notify the police
immediately.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information.
Behavior
• This unscientific survey varies sharply from an
actual incident in which Larry Froistad made
such a confession and was later convicted of
the murder. 
• Only 3 of the 200 newsgroup members
actually phoned the police. 
• What explains the difference between
people’s self-reported reactions and people’s
actual behavior?
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information.
• More than 100 years ago, Hermann Ebbinghaus
found that studying a list of new information once a
day for several days led to better recall than studying
the same list several times in one day. 
• Select a subject for which you will have a test in one
to two weeks. 
• Try Ebbinghaus’s advice by studying that subject
each day to review everything that is likely to be on
the test. 
• After the test report whether this form of studying
improved your recall.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information.
• Read the Psychology and You feature on
page 9 of your textbook. 
• Discuss the following:
What other types of physical
stimulation can cause a strong
emotional response?
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information.
Mary Whiton Calkins
1863–1930
Click the picture to listen to
a biography on Mary
Whiton Calkins. Be
prepared to answer
questions that appear on
the next two slides.
This feature is found on page 19 of your textbook.
Mary Whiton Calkins
1863–1930
What educational
barriers did Calkins
face?
She could not be admitted as
a doctoral student at Harvard.
When she convinced William
James to let her attend the
graduate seminar, all the
other students dropped the
course.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 19 of your textbook.
Mary Whiton Calkins
1863–1930
How did Calkins respond
to these barriers?
She stayed in the seminar,
receiving James’s full attention.
She completed all requirements to
receive her Ph.D. When Harvard
refused to grant the degree,
Radcliffe University offered to
confer the degree. Calkins refused
to accept this compromise.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 19 of your textbook.
End of Custom Shows
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shows and return to the main presentation.
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