Anatomy and Physiology I Muscles that Move the Thigh, Lower Leg, Foot, and Toes Instructor: Mary Holman Muscles that Move the Thigh 2 Anterior • Psoas major • Iliacus 5 Posterior/ Lateral • Gluteus maximus * • Gluteus medius • Gluteus minimus • Tensor fasciae latae • Piriformis * 5 Medial • Pectineus • Adductor brevis • Adductor longus • Adductor magnus • Gracilis Muscles that Move the Thigh (the Femur) 1 Extensor (Posterior) 2 Flexors (Anterior) • Psoas major • Iliacus • Gluteus maximus * 4 Abductors (Post or Lat) 5 Adductors (Medial) • Gluteus medius • Gluteus minimus ** • Tensor fasciae latae • Piriformis * • Pectineus ** • Adductor brevis ** • Adductor longus • Adductor magnus ** • Gracilis * = know O & I ** = not on your muscle list ! Fig. 9.37a Fig. 9.37f Psoas major Psoas minor Origin: T12 - L5 Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur Action: Flexes thigh Anterior Fig. 9.37a Fig. 9.37g Iliacus Origin: Iliac fossa of ilium Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur Action: Flexes thigh Anterior Fig. 9.37a Psoas major Iliacus Iliopsoas Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur Fig. 9.37f Fig. 9.37g All Anterior Fig. 9.38a Lateral Gluteus maximus * Fig. 9.38c Origin: Ilium, sacrum, & coccyx Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur Action: Extends hip, abducts and laterally rotates thigh Posterior Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 9.38a Gluteus medius Fig. 9.38b Origin: Lateral surface of ilium Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur Action: Abducts and rotates thigh medially Lateral Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 9.38d Gluteus minimus Origin: Lateral surface of ilium Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur Action: Abducts and rotates thigh medially Lateral Fig. 9.37a Anterior Fig. 9.38a Tensor fasciae latae Origin: Anterior superior Iliac spine ASIS Insertion: Through Iliotibial tract to lateral condyle of the tibia Action: Abducts, flexes, and rotates thigh medially, tenses lateral fascia Lateral Fig. 9.38d Piriformis Origin: Anterior surface of sacrum Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur Action: Abducts and laterally rotates thigh Lateral Fig. 9.37a Pectineus Origin: Spine of pubis Insertion: Femur - distal to lesser trochanter Action: Adducts thigh and flexes hip Anterior Fig. 9.37c Adductor brevis Origin: Pubic bone Insertion: Posterior surface of femur Action: Flexes hip, adducts and laterally rotates the thigh Anterior Fig. 9.37a Fig. 9.37d Adductor longus Origin: Pubic bone near symphysis pubis Insertion: Posterior surface of femur Action: Adducts and laterally rotates the thigh and flexes hip Anterior Fig. 9.37a Fig. 9.37e Adductor magnus Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Posterior femur Action: Adducts thigh and posterior extends hip, anterior flexes hip, medially rotates the femur Anterior Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 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Fig. 9.37a Fig. 9.37c Gracilis Origin: Lower edge of symphysis pubis Insertion: Medial surface of tibia Action: Adducts thigh, and flexes knee Anterior Muscles that Move the Lower Leg 4 Flexors Hamstring Group • Biceps femoris * • Semitendinosus • Semimembranosus • Sartorius * = know O and I 4 Extensors Quadriceps Femoris Group • Rectus femoris * • Vastus lateralis • Vastus medialis • Vastus intermedius Fig. 9.39b Fig. 9.39c Fig. 9.39a Biceps femoris* Short head Long head Origin: Short head - femur Long head - ischial tuberosity Insertion: Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia Action: Flexes knee, rotates leg laterally, and extends hip All Posterior Fig. 9.39a Posterior Fig. 9.38a Biceps femoris* Long head Lateral Fig. 9.39a Fig. 9.39c Semitendinosus Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Medial surface of tibia Action: Flexes knee, rotates leg medially, and extends hip Posterior Fig. 9.39a Fig. 9.39b Semimembranosus Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Medial condyle of tibia and collateral ligament Action: Flexes knee, rotates leg medially, and extends hip Posterior Fig. 9.37a Fig. 9.37b Anterior Sartorius Origin: Anterior, superior iliac spine ASIS Insertion: Medial surface of the tibia Action: Flexes the knee and hip, abducts and rotates thigh laterally and lower leg medially Fig. 9.37a Fig. 9.38a Anterior Rectus femoris * Origin: Spine of ilium and edge of the acetabulum Insertion: By common Quadriceps femoris tendon (patellar tendon) tendon to patella and onto tibial tuberosity through the patellar ligament Action: Extends knee Patella Patellar ligament Lateral Fig. 9.37a Anterior Fig. 9.38a Vastus lateralis Origin: Greater trochanter and posterior surface of femur Insertion: By common tendon to patella and onto tibial tuberosity through the patellar ligament Action: Extends knee Lateral Fig. 9.37a Vastus medialis Origin: Medial surface of femur Insertion: By common tendon to patella and onto tibial tuberosity through the patellar ligament Action: Extends knee Anterior Fig. 9.37b Vastus intermedius Origin: Anterior and lateral surfaces of femur Insertion: By common tendon to patella and onto tibial tuberosity through the patellar ligament Action: Extends knee Anterior Fig. 9.40b Cross section of the Right Thigh Lateral Medial Long head of biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Gracilis Short head of biceps femoris Adductor magnus Adductor longus Sciatic n. Great saphenous v. Shaft of femur Femoral v. and a. Sartorius Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Adipose tissue Rectus femoris Skin Anterior Muscles that Move the Foot Dorsiflexion 2 Dorsiflexors • Tibialis anterior • Fibularis tertius ** Plantar Flexion * = know O and I ** = not on your muscle list ! 6 Plantar Flexors •Gastrocnemius * • Soleus • Plantaris ** • Tibialis posterior** • Fibularis longus • Fibularis brevis** Fig. 9.41a Fig. 9.41b Tibialis anterior Origin: Lateral condyle and lateral surface of tibia Insertion: Medial cuneiform and first metatarsal Action: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot Anterior Fig. 9.41c Fibularis tertius (Peroneus tertius) Origin: Anterior surface of fibula Insertion: Dorsal surface 5th metatarsal Action: Dorsiflexes and everts the foot Anterior Fig. 9.42a Fig. 9.43a Gastrocnemius * Medial head Lateral head Origin: Lateral and medial condyles of the femur Insertion: Posterior surface of the calcaneus via Achilles or calcaneal tendon Action: Plantar flexes foot, flexes knee Lateral Posterior Fig. 9.42a Fig. 9.43c Soleus Origin: Head and shaft of fibula and posterior surface of tibia Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneus Action: Plantar flexes foot Lateral Posterior Fig. 9.43c Plantaris Origin: Posterior lateral condyle of femur Insertion: Calcaneus Action: Plantar flexes foot, flexes knee Posterior Fig. 9.43d Tibialis posterior Posterior View of Lower leg Origin: Lateral condyle and posterior surface of tibia and posterior surface of fibula Insertion: Tarsal and metatarsal bones Action: Plantar flexes and inverts foot Fig. 9.42a Fig. 9.42b Fibularis longus (Peroneus longus) Origin: Head and shaft of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia Insertion: Medial cuneiform & 1st metatarsal bones Action: Plantar flexes and everts foot, supports arch Lateral Fig. 9.42c Fibularis brevis (Peroneus brevis) Origin: Fibula Insertion: Base of the fifth metatarsal Action: Plantar flexes and everts foot Lateral Muscles that Move the Toes • Flexor digitorum longus • Extensor digitorum longus Fig. 9.43e Flexor digitorum longus Posterior View of Lower leg Origin: Posterior surface of tibia Insertion: Distal phalanges of four lateral toes Action: Flexes four lateral toes, plantar flexes and inverts foot Fig. 9.41a Fig. 9.41d Extensor digitorum longus Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia and anterior surface of fibula Insertion: Dorsal surfaces of 2nd and 3rd phalanges of four lateral toes Action: Extends toes and dorsiflexes and everts foot Anterior Fig. 9.44b Cross section of the Right Lower Leg Lateral Medial Gastrocnemius Small saphenous v. Soleus Flexor hallucis longus m. Tibial n. Fibula H Posterior tibial a. Great saphenous v. Superficial fibular n. Fibularis longus Deep fibular n. H Flexor digitorum longus Anterior tibial a. Tibialis posterior m. Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior m. Extensor hallucis longus Anterior Tibia Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior Extensor Retinacula Continuous on its superior side with the fascia of the lower leg and on the inferior side with the plantar aponeurosis Lateral