INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
1921-1941
GUIDING QUESTION
How and for what reasons did U.S.
foreign policy change between
1920 and 1941?
(To what extent did the United States adopt an
isolationist policy in the 1920s and 1930s?)
DIPLOMACY IN THE 1920S: ENGAGEMENT
WITHOUT ENTANGLEMENTS
Peace with Germany, 1921
League of Nations - “unofficial observers”
Washington Conference (1922)
Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922
Nine-Power Treaty – “Open Door” in China
Significance: battleships and aircraft carriers only; no enforcement
mechanism
Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris) (1928)
Problems: “defensive wars”, no enforcement mechanism
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
Dawes Plan (1924)
(1922)
DIPLOMACY IN THE 1930S:
FROM ENGAGEMENT TO ISOLATIONISM
Hoover – troops out of Haiti (1932), Nicaragua (1933)
“Good Neighbor Policy”
1933 – US renounced intervention (Roosevelt Corollary)
1934 - Marines pulled out of Haiti
1934 – Cuba released from terms of Platt Amendment
1938 – Mexico nationalized oil cos.; money settlement instead armed intervention
U.S. recognized the Soviet Union (1933)
FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR
Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936 and 1937
German aggression
1935 – compulsory military
service; air force and armored
divisions
Rhineland, 1936
Austria, 1938
Munich Conference (Sept
1938)
appeasement
March 1939 – Germany
took remainder of
Czechoslovakia
FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression
Pact (August 1939)
Invasion of Poland (Sept 1, 1939)
blitzkrieg
Denmark
Norway
France
Dunkirk
Battle of Britain
(Aug. 1940 - June 1941)
Invasion of Soviet Union
(June 1941)
Soviet Aggression
Eastern Poland (Sept 1939)
Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania (1940)
“moral embargo” against USSR
FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR
FDR’s “Quarantine” speech
(1937, after Japanese invasion of
China)
“Preparedness”
Change in US Policy
Most alarmed by German conquests, but wanted no part in war
FDR: Britain essential to US defense; began chipping away at neutrality
legislation any way he could to assist GB
cash-and-carry policy (1939)
Selective Service Act (Sept 1940)
Destroyers for Bases Deal (Sept 1940)
Anti-Third Term Buttons, 1940
GALLUP POLLS: EUROPEAN WAR AND WORLD WAR 1938–1940
FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR
“Arsenal of Democracy”
Lend-Lease Act (March 1941)
“shoot on sight” (July 1941)
Atlantic Charter (Aug 1941)
America First bumper sticker: "Keep Our Boys at Home"
(Herbert Hoover Presidential Library)
Roosevelt and Churchill at Atlantic Charter
Meeting, 1941 (Franklin D. Roosevelt Library)
JAPANESE AGGRESSION 1931-1941
JAPANESE AGGRESSION THROUGH 1941
FROM ISOLATIONISM TO WAR
DISPUTES WITH JAPAN
economic pressure on Japan (steel, oil)
Pearl Harbor (Dec 7 1941)
2400 killed (over 1100 on Arizona), 1200 wounded;
21 warships sunk or severely damaged; over 300 planes destroyed or severely damaged
The U.S.S. West Virginia, Pearl Harbor
(U.S. Army)
FDR before
Congress asking
for a Declaration
of War against
Japan, Dec. 8,
1941
JAPANESE EXPANSION AND EARLY
BATTLES IN THE PACIFIC
GUIDING
QUESTION
To what extent did the
Second World War bring
about lasting change in
the American society,
economy and government?
WAR ON THE
HOME
FRONT
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
1.Industrial Production
War Production Board
converted industries, allocated
materials, and organized drives to
recycle any usable products.
By 1944, war production double that
of all Axis powers
Factories changed their production
decided by the WPB.
Example: automobile factories
started making tanks and planes
within weeks.
EFFECTS OF
WAR SPENDING
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
2.
Office of Price
Administration
rationing
3.
Controlling Labor
”no-strike” pledges
Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (War
Labor Disputes Act) (1943)
union membership : major increase
Labor Union
Membership, 1920-1960
Ration Card
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
4.Farmers – farm income
doubled, as in World War I
(tripled compared to the
depression)
5. Financing the War: $321 billion total!
cost $100 billion for 1945 alone
Liberty Bonds
War Bond
Military Expenditures
and the National
Debt, 1929-1945
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
6.
Propaganda
Office of War Information
Result: largely avoided anti-German hysteria of WWI
anti-Japanese hysteria on West Coast
MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY
EFFECTS ON
SOCIETY
EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT:
IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY
End of the Depression
High employment
Farm crisis ended
personal income
increased
rationing
savings
Union membership
Corporate consolidation
EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: WOMEN,
WORK AND FAMILY
Armed Forces - 200K+ women; non-combat roles: clerical jobs in WACS
and WAVES.
Work Force - 6.5 million women entered (57% increase)
concentrated in government clerical jobs
"Rosie the Riveter"
Families – “8-hour orphans”, juvenile delinquency, crime,
child care
Surveys of time: real concern that families were negatively impacted by war
Government WWII video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKrHfTGWxQ4
IMPACT ON SOCIETY: MINORITIES & RIGHTS
Second Great Migration
Race riots - Detroit and New York (1943)
Armed Forces: Million+ served; in segregated units
Efforts to end discrimination: black unions, threatened marches (A.
Philip Randolph on Washington 1942) - pressure on companies with gov’t
contracts
FDR’s response:
Executive order prohibiting discrimination in defense plants
Results: Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination
 Significant
decrease in number
willing to accept
status of second
class citizens.
 Repudiation of
Nazi racism
strengthened civil
rights efforts
Segregated
Units
EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT:
IMPACT ON MINORITIES & CIVIL RIGHTS
Japanese Americans
Internment
Executive Order 8066
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
In re Endo (1944)
Japanese American Internment Camps
Internment Camp Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgmbOh9zJLY
Japanese-American
store
Members of the Mochida family
awaiting
evacuation bus
JAPANESEAMERICAN
INTERNMENT
Awaiting baggage inspection
upon arrival at Assembly
Center, Turlock, CA, May 2, 1942
Crowd of onlookers on the first day of
evacuation from the Japanese quarter in San
Francisco
War Relocation authority center,
Manzanar, California. July 3, 1942
Newly arrived evacuees outside of mess hall at
noon, Tanforan Assembly Center. San Bruno,
CA, April 29, 1942. (National Archives and Records
Administration)
JAPANESEAMERICAN
INTERNMEN
T
The Hirano family,
Colorado River
Relocation Center,
Poston, AZ
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS:
EXPANSION OF GOVERNMENT POWER
New Deal programs - partially eliminated (Ex: WPA, CCC).
Vast expansion of power for federal government
Election of 1944
FDR ran for unprecedented fourth term
Thomas E. Dewey (Rep Gov NY) – biggest issue: govt control over peoples’ lives
Harry S Truman
Presidential Election of
1944
Employees in the Executive
Branch, 1901–1995
WAR IN
EUROPE
Operation Torch (1942-May 1943)
Gen. George C. Marshall
Second front in France?
Stalingrad (Dec 1942/Jan 1943)
Air War
incendiary raids on
Hamburg, Berlin and
Dresden
Invasion of Italy
Mussolini
DEFEATING
GERMANY
D-DAY
INVASION OF NORMANDY
Eisenhower Meets with Paratroopers before
D-Day
D-DAY LANDING JUNE 6,
1944
After the Normandy Invasion
Allied invasion of France
Normandy - D-Day (June 6, 1944)
Battle of the Bulge (late December 1944)
Fall of Germany
Berlin (June 2, 1945)
Hitler suicide (April 30)
Surrender May 8, 1945 (VE Day)
DEFEATING
GERMANY
WAR IN THE
PACIFIC
GUIDING QUESTION
Why did the United
States decide to use
atomic bombs against
Japan?
(strictly military measure to end the war? or
diplomatic measure designed to intimidate the
Soviet Union in the postwar era?)
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
Philippines
Bataan Death March
Battle of Coral Sea
(May 7-8, 1942)
Midway
(June 47, 1942)
Island-hopping
Gen Douglass MacArthur
Admiral Chester Nimitz
Solomon Islands – Guadalcanal
American Troops Before Amphibious
Landing
Attempting to Secure a Beachhead on Pacific
Island
US troops wading ashore Butaritari, November
1943
Sprawled bodies on beach
Tarawa
ISLAND-HOPPING IN THE PACIFIC
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
Leyte Gulf (Oct
1944)
kamikazes
Iwo Jima (FebMarch 1945)
Okinawa (April –
June 1945)
Flag Raising on
Iwo Jima
BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE
FDR death (Warm Springs, GA, April 12, 1945)
Harry S Truman (President 1945-53)
Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin at Yalta, Feb.
1945
President Truman addressing
Congress after Roosevelt’s
death
BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE
Manhattan Project (begun 1942)
Alamagordo, NM, July 16, 1945
Unconditional surrender or
face “utter destruction”
Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)
Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)
Japan surrender September 2, 1945
(V-J Day)
Col. Paul W.
Tibbets, Jr., &
the ENOLA GAY
Atomic Bombs: “Little Boy” & “Fat
Man”
HIROSHIMA
AFTER THE
BOMB BLAST,
AUGUST 6, 1945
HIROSHIMA AFTER THE BOMB BLAST, AUGUST 6, 1945
HIROSHIMA AFTER THE ATOMIC BOMB, AUGUST 6, 1945
NAGASAKI
ATOMIC
BOMBING
AUGUST 9, 1945
AFTERMATH OF NAGASAKI
Arguments for use
Arguments opposed
Japanese refused to surrender. It
was estimated an invasion similar
to D-Day was needed to bring the
war to an end.
Bombs were untested and their
destruction unknown
US officials estimated conquest of
Japan’s empire would last an
additional 18 months to 2 years.
US officials estimated Allied
casualties at 1/2 to 1 1/2 million,
in addition to huge Japanese losses
if there was an invasion of Japan.
Japanese leadership was informed
of the destructive power and
nature of the bomb and offered a
period to surrender but declined.
Neither city was a major military target
and the attacks would mainly kill Japanese
civilians.
Radiation poisoning, birth defects and
contamination would have negative effects
on the population.
Would set a precedent about using
weapons of mass destruction in war
SURRENDER CEREMONIES ON THE USS
MISSOURI
JAPANESE SURRENDER ON THE USS MISSOURI SEPT 2, 1945
RESULTS OF THE SECOND WORLD
WAR
300,000 dead, over 800K wounded
$320 billion cost
National debt rose from $50 Billion in 1941 to
$250 billion by 1945
End of Depression
Joined United Nations
Only major power without significant physical
damage
7 Future American Presidents Views of the World
Were Formed by Service in WWII
WWII Memorial, Washington, DC
Dedicated on April 29, 2004
SOURCES
Brinkley, American History: A Survey 10e
America: Pathways to the Present (2003)
National Archives and Records Administration
Thomson Wadsworth US History Image Bank http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1931_1945.html
Teaching Politics, http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse1950.htm
American Journey Online
Divine, America Past and Present Revd 7th Ed.
Nash, The American People 6e; http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970,00.html
Faragher, Out of Many 3e http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/
Jones, Created Equal
Kennedy, American Pageant 13e
Susan Pojer, Horace Greeley H.S., Chappaqua, NY
Henretta, America’s History 5e, http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral
Roark, American Promise 3e, http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral
http://www.printmini.com/printables/mil/index.shtml (camouflage)