HOLT
Chapter 12
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
A NEW NATIONAL IDENTITY
(1812–1840)
Section 1: The Rise of Nationalism
Section 2: Expansion and Improvements
Section 3: The Age of Jackson
Section 4: Indian Removal
Section 5: American Culture
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 1:
The Rise of Nationalism
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
OBJECTIVES
 How did the United States settle its land
disputes with Great Britain and Spain?
 Why did President Monroe issue the Monroe
Doctrine, and what were its most important
points?
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 1:
The Rise of Nationalism
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Treaties Settling Disputes between the
United States, Great Britain and Spain
 Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) – limited naval power
(Great Britain)
 Convention of 1818 – settled fishing rights and
established a border (Great Britain)
 Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 – Spain gave up all of
Florida to the United States
 Monroe Doctrine (1823) (Europe, Central and South
America)
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 1:
The Rise of Nationalism
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Why Monroe Issued the Monroe Doctrine
Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine because he
feared that Latin American independence would
encourage European powers to take control on
the newly independent countries.
Monroe Doctrine – President James Monroe’s statement
forbidding further colonization in the Americas and
declaring that the United States would view any attempt
by a foreign country to colonize as a hostile act
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
SECTION 1
The Rise of Nationalism
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Question:
How did the United States
settle its land disputes with
Great Britain and Spain?
5
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
SECTION 1
The Rise of Nationalism
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Compromise with Great Britain
Compromise with Spain
Rush-Bagot Agreement Terms:
Adams-Onis Treaty Terms:
• limited naval power on the Great
Lakes
• Spain gave Florida to the
United States.
Convention of 1818 Terms:
• The United States gave up claims
to present-day Texas.
• gave the United States fishing
rights off parts of Newfoundland
and Labrador coasts
• established a border between
the United States and Canada
at the 49th parallel, as far west
as the Rockies
• United States took responsibility
for up to $5 million of United
States citizens’ claims against
Spain.
• agreed to joint occupation of the
Pacific Northwest
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 2:
Expansion and Improvements
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
OBJECTIVES
 What issues was the Missouri Compromise
supposed to address?
 How did improvements in transportation
affect the United States?
 Why was the 1824 presidential election
controversial?
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 2:
Expansion and Improvements
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
The Missouri Compromise
addressed two issues:
 the expansion of slavery
 the balance of free and slave states
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 2:
Expansion and Improvements
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Transportation Improvements
 united the country
 aided trade and economy
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 2:
Expansion and Improvements
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Election of 1824
The election of 1824 was controversial because
Adams was accused of making a corrupt bargain
with Clay.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
SECTION 2
Expansion and Improvements
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Question:
How did improvements in
transportation affect the
United States?
11
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
SECTION 2
HOLT
Expansion and Improvements
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Examples
Roads
Cumberland
Road turnpikes
connected the East coast to the
interior United States
Canals
Erie Canal
provided faster and cheaper
routes for goods to market
Overall results of
improvements in
transportation
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Affect on the United States
Improvements
Both resulted in connecting
regions of the United States.
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 3:
The Age of Jackson
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
OBJECTIVES
 How was Jacksonian Democracy a sign of
change in American politics?
 How did tariff disputes lead to the
nullification crisis, and how did President
Jackson respond?
 Why was President Jackson against a national
bank, and how did his opposition affect the
economy?
13
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 3:
The Age of Jackson
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Jacksonian Democracy
 expanded voting rights
 nominating conventions
Nominating conventions – public meetings to select the
party’s presidential and vice presidential candidates
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 3:
The Age of Jackson
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Nullification Crisis
 Northern manufacturers wanted high tariffs
and the southern farmers wanted low tariffs
leading to the nullification crisis.
 The crisis was resolved by a congressional
compromise to lower tariffs gradually.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 3:
The Age of Jackson
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Jackson’s Position on a National Bank
 Jackson opposed the power of a national
bank.
 His opposition effected the economy by
leading to inflation.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 3:
The Age of Jackson
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Regional Issues – 30 years BEFORE the
Civil War.
 Tariffs
 Federal vs State - Nullification crisis – “states’
rights”
 Federal vs State – 2nd National Bank
 Federal Law superior to State Law
(McCulloch v Maryland)
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
SECTION 3
The Age of Jackson
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Question:
How did tariff disputes lead
to the nullification crisis and
how did President Jackson
respond?
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
SECTION 3
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
The Age of Jackson
Beginnings to 1914
STEPS LEADING TO THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS
Southern states
asserted their right
to nullify protective
tariffs, which they
argued hurt their
economy.
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Jackson
condemned
nullification.
Jackson threatened
to send federal
troops to South
Carolina to enforce
federal laws.
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 4:
Indian Removal
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
OBJECTIVES
 Why did the federal and state governments
begin an American Indian removal policy?
 How did American Indians such as the
Cherokee resist removal?
 How were American Indians affected by the
removal from their lands?
20
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 4:
Indian Removal
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Indian Removal Act
To end Indian conflicts and to open a southern
settlement, Congress passed the Indian Removal
Act in 1830 which authorized the removal of
Indians east of the Mississippi River.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 4:
Indian Removal
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Cherokees resisted removal by:
 adopting white culture
 creating a government based on the U.S.
 suing the state of Georgia
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 4:
Indian Removal
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
The Indian Response
The Indians met removal with armed resistance
leading to many Indian deaths.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
SECTION 4
Indian Removal
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Question:
Why did federal and state
governments begin an
American Indian removal
policy?
24
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
SECTION 4
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Indian Removal
Beginnings to 1914
Seminole were
harboring slaves and
raiding towns
Reasons for
American Indian
Removal Policy
to end disputes
between American
Indians and settlers
25
Gold was
discovered
to open up
American Indian
land to settlers for
farming
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 5:
American Culture
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
OBJECTIVES
 Who were the favorite writers of the early
1800’s, and what did they write about?
 What was the focus of the Hudson River
school?
26
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 5:
American Culture
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Writers of the 1800’s and Their Subjects
 William Wirt – biographies of Revolutionary
heroes
 Washington Irving – American history using
satire
 James Fenimore Cooper – novels and
historical fiction
 Catharine Maria Sedgwick – historical fiction
and novels
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 5:
American Culture
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Hudson River School
The Hudson River school focused on artists
painting landscapes that depicted the beauty of
nature.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
SECTION 5
American Culture
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
Question:
What topics did favorite
writers of the early 1800s
write about?
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
SECTION 5
HOLT
American Culture
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1914
FAVORITE AMERICAN WRITERS OF THE EARLY 1800s
Writers
Washington Irving,
James Fenimore Cooper,
Catharine Maria Sedgwick
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Subjects
American Revolution,
settlement, and the landscape
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON