_________________________________________________________________ California Estate University East Bay * ENGL1002–College Writing II * Prof. Georgie Ovenden CONTENTS 1. Singular and Plural Subjects 2. What is Subject-Verb Agreement? 3. When does lack of Subject-Verb Agreement happen? 4. Buried Subjects 5. Compound Subjects 6. Or and Either/Or Subjects 7. Clauses and Phrases as Subjects 8. Indefinites as Subjects 9. Collective Nouns and Amounts as Subjects 10. Plural Words as Subjects 11. Titles, Company Names, Words, and Quotations as Subjects 12. Linking Verbs 13. There (is/are), Here (is/are), and It 14. Who, Which, That and One of as Subjects 1. Singular and Plural 1 Subjects In any sentence, look for the subject. Is it singular or plural? That will help you determine the verb ending. SINGULAR For singular nouns, pronouns, and nouns that cannot be counted (i.e. news, time, happiness), use verbs in singular. I chew. Water drips. Time flies. You laugh. PLURAL For plural nouns and pronouns, use verbs in plural. We know. 1. (Harris, 53) The cups are clean. They stretch. HINT Finding The Subject and Verb 1. Identify verb HINT Finding The Subject and Verb2 2. Beware of distracters 2. (Harris, 54) 2. What is Subject-Verb Agreement? “Subject-Verb Agreement is a grammatical rule that requires a verb to agree in number with the subject” (Carlin, n.p.). For example, a singular subject must take a singular verb and if the subject is plural its verb must be in plural form. Image: NIU - Northern Illinois University . Web. 2. What is Subject-Verb Agreement? - Continued... The subject and verb have to match in number to each other. When the subject is singular then the verb must become singular. If the subject is plural, then the verb must become plural. When you make a verb into a plural or singular it all has to do with the letter “s”. If the subject is singular, add an “s” to the end of the word. When the subject is plural then don’t add the “s” at the end of the verb. This is where the common mistakes come in. Tony works at the mall. They work at the mall. HINT Subject-Verb Agreement 3. (Harris, 53) 3. When does lack of SubjectVerb Agreement happen? Subject-Verb Agreement can be rather difficult to identify due to the variation of subjects and verbs used in a sentence. If we mistakenly pair a singular subject with a verb that is in plural form then we lack Subject-Verb Agreement. Image: Kansas.com Blogs. Web. 4. Buried Subjects More complex phrases have several other words besides the main subject, which separates the subject and verb. Sometimes in between the subject and the verb there is a phrase, but the verb still has to agree with the subject. When you find this, ignore “prepositional phrases; modifiers; who, which, and that clauses;” and those other words that do not belong to the main idea (Harris, 53). The ceiling, as well as the wooden floors and the wall, need repair. SUBJECT VERB The ceiling, as well as the wooden floors and the wall, needs repair. SUBJECT VERB [As the subject is the ceiling and not the floors, the writer must make the verb singular not plural.] HINT The “It” and “They” Technique EXERCISE | The “It” and “They” Technique “IT” “THEY” Which verb sounds correct? Which verb sounds correct? Mary (makes, make) Mary and Tom (walks, walk) a great sandwich. It (makes, make) a great sandwich to the park. They (walks, walk) to the park. EXERCISE | The “It” and “They” Technique “IT” “THEY” CORRECT: CORRECT: Mary and Tom walk to the park. Mary makes a great sandwich [Mary is singular so you must make the verb singular which means adding an "s" to the end of the verb.] [Mary and Tom are plural so you must make the verb plural.] 5. Compound Subjects: When two or more words, or phrases are joined together by “and” or “nor.” If you use “and” to connect two or more nouns or pronouns, use a plural verb. (B and C = plural.) The mother and daughter share a close friendship. SUBJECT VERB However, do not use plural if the compound subjects are used as one element, use instead a singular verb. The garden and the flowers is what I care about most. 6. Or and Either/Or in Subjects Use a singular verb when two singular subjects are joined by the words or or nor. The teacher or the girl wants to write on the board. Use a verb that agrees with the closer subject word when the subjects are a plural and a singular noun and are joined by “or or either...or, neither...nor, or not only...but also” (Harris, 54). Neither red bulbs nor a black screen was allowed in this room. Not only the kid but also his toys are back in the yard. 7. Clauses and Phrases as Subjects Use a singular verb if the subject is built by the whole phrase/clause. The book I want to buy is too expensive. Use a plural verb if the verb is a form of the verb be and its complement or the noun after the verb is also plural. What they wanted were millions of cushions of color. [What they wanted = millions of cushions] 8. Indefinites as Subjects Use a singular verb for “indefinite words with singular meanings, such as each, every and any” that are used as the subject word or when they precede it (Harris, 55). Each wants something different. Each kind of animal has an interesting biology. Sometimes, other indefinite words such as none, some, most or all, are used as the subject word (55). In these cases, Use a verb according to the meaning of the subject. None of the students is asking questions. [None of the students is the subject of the sentence. It is used here as one unit, so you have to use a singular verb.] Most of the students are tired now. [Most of the students refers to multiple persons, so you have to think of it as plural subject with a plural verb (55).] Definition Collective Nouns 9. Collective Nouns and Amounts as Subjects Although it is less common, you can use of the collective noun referring to members/items as separate individuals. Use a plural verb in these cases. The family are disagreeing with each other’s ideas. Use a singular verb when you name an amount in the subject. Hundred dollars is enough. Two stacks is plenty. Usually 12 miles is what I run every day. 10. Plural Words as Subjects A sentence can have both a singular subject and also a plural subject when it is joined by and or nor. This is where it can get confusing, how do you know which verb to use? In such case, make the verb agree to the nearest subject. The dirt and dust particles pose a threat to your new furnace. When words are considered a single unit they take on a singular verb. Subjects like physics and news end with –s but are considered a single subject. The news is interesting. 11. Titles, Company Names, Words, and Quotations as Subjects Another common mistake is when talking about a company. People will try to refer to a company as “they”, when they should be referring to it as “it”. A company is considered singular and not plural. Use a singular verb. Safeway has a strong team. It treats the employees like family. SUBJECT When the subject is a title, company, term, or quote the verb should be singular even though the subject ends with an –s. All the King’s Men is a good book. Lowes is open today. “Apples for the teacher!” is what the boy said. 12. Linking Verbs When a sentence has a linking verb, the verb agrees with the subject and not the words that follow the verb. Her solution is to fix the papers. Big words are hard to pronounce. 13. There (is/are), Here (is/are), and It When a sentence begins with there or here, the verb will agree with the subject that follows the verb or the complement. There is an exciting new book to read. There are too many books to read. Here walks the evil spirit. Here walk the ghosts. When it is the subject it always takes a singular verb even when a plural verb follows. It was ducks in the pond that quacked at my friends. 14. Who, Which, That and One of as Subjects When the subject is who, which, or that, the verb agrees with the antecedent or the word before the verb. This is the tree that has more limes. Those are the girls who have emphysema. 14. Who, Which, That and One of as Subjects – Continued... You must decide if a verb should be singular or plural when dealing with phases like one of those who/which/that. First you decide if the who, which, or that refers to a group or just one person, then make the verb agree with that subject. Betty is one of those singers who sing only on the weekends. [In this sentence, Betty is part of a large group, singers who sing only on the weekends acts like others in that group. Therefore, who takes a plural verb because it refers to singers.] Sour dough bread is one of the breads that smells good. [Sour dough bread is part of a group of breads; but in this case, the this bread smells good and the other breads may. Therefore, that refers to that one bread and takes a singular verb.] 15. Don’t vs. Doesn’t The word doesn’t should be used with a singular subject. The boy doesn’t talk to his friend. The word don’t should be used with a plural subject. Girls don’t like boys. 16. Someone, somebody… The words someone, somebody, anybody, nobody, anyone, everyone, either, each, each one, no one, and neither should be used with a singular verb. Everyone need time to play. Everyone needs time to play. Remember… Subject-Verb Agreement occurs when the subject and verb endings agree in number and person (Harris, 52). Image: Jose Carrillo’s English Forum. Web. Works Cited Carlin, Susan E. “Subject-verb Explanation.” Electronic Educational Environment. UC Irvine. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <https://eee.uci.edu/programs/esl/svlink.html>. Harris, Muriel. “3 - Revising Sentences for Accuracy, Clarity, and Variety.” Prentice Hall Reference Guide. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson | Prentice Hall, 2006. 52-59. Print. Marshall, Pam. "Subject Verb Agreement." K12 Reader: Reading Instruction Resources for Teachers and Parents. n.p., 2011. Web. 21 Nov 2011. <http://www.k12reader.com/subject-verbagreement / >. Works Cited IMAGES: “Effective Writing Practices Tutorial - Subject – Verb Agreement.” NIU - Northern Illinois University - Learning Today, Leading Tomorrow. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://www.niu.edu/writingtutorial/grammar/agreement01. h tml> McLendon, Lisa. "Agreement | Grammar Monkeys | Wichita Eagle Blogs." Kansas.com Blogs » An Index to Wichita Eagle Blogs, plus a Feed of All Blog Posts. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. http://blogs.kansas.com/grammar/tag/agreement/ "Subject-Verb Agreement?" Jose Carillo's English Forum. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. http://josecarilloforum.com/forum/index.php?topic =240.30