United States v. Safavian
United States District Court
District of Columbia
November 29, 2010
Jonathan Weiner
Parties
• United States Government
– Charging Safavian with making false statements
and obstruction of justice during an investigation
• David Safavian
– Submitted a motion in limine to deny
government’s Rule 902(11) authentications for
email evidence
Facts
• Defendant was indicted on 12/5/2005 for allegedly
making false statements and obstructing the
investigation into his dealings with lobbyist Jack
Abramoff while he was chief of staff for the General
Services Administration
• Government now seeks to present at trial email
correspondences between Defendant and Abramoff
• Government wishes to use Jay Nogle the custodian of
records at GreenBerg Turig LLP – the law firm that once
employed Abramoff to authenticate the email
correspondences
From left to right: convicted lobbyist Jack Abramoff, golf organizer Jason Murdoch,
former Christian Coalition leader Ralph Reed,
convicted former Bush administration official David Safavian
and convicted former Congressman Bob Ney
Legal Framework (Rules)
FRE 901
– Requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility
is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what
its proponent claims
• Ways a document can be authenticated
– 901(b)(4)
» Examine the evidence’s distinctive characteristics and the like including
appearance / contents / substance / internal patterns / other distinctive
characteristics
– 901(b)(3)
» Evidence may be authenticated by comparison by the trier of fact with
specimens which have been otherwise authenticated
FRE 902
– Lists documents that are self authenticating (do not require extrinsic evidence of
authenticity)
• 902(11)
– Foundation requirements of 803(6) can be satisfied under certain
circumstances without the expense and inconvenience of producing time
consuming foundation witnesses – goes hand in hand with business records
exception
Case Analysis
•
•
•
•
A motion in limine was filed claiming that Nogle should not be allowed to authenticate the emails
– Defendant argues that Nogle can only authenticate if the emails were submitted pursuant to the business records exception to
hearsay
– Government wishes to have the emails entered in under a different exception (not business records, 803(6))
– 902(11) was intended as a means of authenticating only that evidence which is being offered under the business records
exception thus Nogle cannot authenticate
Government also sought to have authentication under 901
– Must ask if there is sufficient evidence to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims
– Methods of authentication under 901
• Distinctive characteristics
– @ symbol identifies document as an email
– Contains name of persons connected to the address
» Emails contain name and recipient in the body of the email / headings / signature
• Content
– Discussion of various identifiable matters
» Safavian’s work at GSA / Abramoff’s work as a lobbyist / personal and professional matters
• Comparison
– 901(b)(3)
– The emails that lacked distinctive characteristics and content could be verified by comparing them to emails that
were already authenticated
– MerrittDC email address
» Alone does not demonstrate who is the sender
» When compared to Exhibit 100 which includes the senders name and name of business we can conclude
who owned the email address
Trustworthiness of forwarded emails called into question by defendant
– Possibility of alteration does not and cannot be the basis for excluding emails as unidentified or unauthenticated
Defendant also raises issue of how the emails may be proffered to the jury
– Court was aided in reaching conclusions about the emails based on proffers by government lawyers
– Government lawyers and witnesses may only testify to facts within their personal knowledge
• EX – MerrittDC email address versus exhibit 100 / incomplete emails – e-mail exchanges
– Court will not permit any testimony beyond the bare fact of what words appear on a particular email by a case agent or
summary witness who neither composed nor received these emails
E-Discovery Issues
• How can electronically discoverable evidence be
authenticated?
– Self authenticating (902)(11) via 803(6) Business Records
Exception
– (901)(a) Showing there is sufficient evidence to support a
finding that the matter in question is what its proponent
claims
• Limitations on what can be proffered to the jury by the
party submitting electronically discovered evidence
– Government cannot testify to anything more than the bare
fact of what words appear on a particular email by a case
agent or summary witness who neither composed nor
received these emails
Conclusion
• Defendants motion in limine to deny the
governments Rule 902(11) certification by Jay
Nogle was GRANTED
• Defendants motion in limine to deny certification
by other means under Rule 902(11) was DENIED
• Testimony must be to bare facts of what words
appear on the emails
Discussion Questions
• 1.
– Should emails containing the name of the sender
and receiver need to be authenticated?
• 2.
– Should the possibility of alteration be a basis for
exclusion of electronically discovered evidence?