AOARD Nano- Micro Systems,
Mechanics, Materials and
Aerospace Program
March 29 2007
Dr. Jim C Chang
Program Director
AFOSR/AOARD
Air Force Research Laboratory
ECE Department
North Carolina State University
Where AOARD Fits
Air Force
Materiel Command
Air Force
Research Laboratory
3 Technical
Directorates
International
Office
Air Force Office
of Scientific Research
AOARD
Detachment 2
EOARD
Detachment 1
9 other
Technology
Directorates
AFOSR Within the AF
Research Lab
HQ AFRL
TECHNOLOGY
AIR
VEHICLES
SPACE
VEHICLES
PROPULSION
SENSORS
DIRECTED
ENERGY
DIRECTORATES
MATERIALS &
MANUFACTURING
MUNITIONS
HUMAN
EFFECTIVENESS
INFORMATION
AFOSR
BASIC RESEARCH IS THE FOUNDATION
AFOSR is the Sole Manager of US Air Force Basic Research Funds
Challenges
Example Transformational
Capabilities
Long Range Strike
Sensor Craft Persistent ISR
Cyber Craft
Combined Air Operations
Center of the Future
Reusable Launch Vehicle
Rapid Access to Space
Strategic Technologies
Rapid Decision
Management
Thermal
Management
Airborne Laser
Cooperative Aerospace
Operations
Nanoscience &
Technology
Local Environment NanoSensors (LENS)
Integrated-Automated
Target Recognition
20 Km Spot
Biological Materials &
Systems Exploitation
AFOSR Research Areas
Aerospace and
Materials Sciences
Physics and
Electronics
Chemistry and
Life Sciences
Mathematics and
Information
Sciences
Sub-thrusts
• Solid Mechanics
and Structures
• Materials
• Fluid Mechanics
• Propulsion
• Physics
• Electronics
• Space Sciences
• Chemistry
• Info Sciences
• Bio Sciences
• Mathematics
• Human Performance
Areas of enhanced emphasis:
•
•
•
•
•
Information Science
Computer-Assisted Human Decision-Making
Micro UAV Swarms
Nanoscience
Novel Energy Technology
1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry:
Femtochemistry
•1999 Nobel Prize in chemistry
•Awarded for development of
“femtochemistry” methods to
visualize, understand, and predict
reactions
Prof. Ahmed Zewail
Caltech
• Funded by AFOSR since 1986
• AFOSR support established
initial femtosecond facilities
• Allows new insights into
reaction mechanisms, the
effects of solvation, and
HEDM synthesis.
2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry:
Conductive Polymers
•2000 Nobel Prize in chemistry
•Awarded "for the discovery and
development of conductive
polymers"
300 fs
-
Prof. Alan J. Heeger
UCSB
• Funded by AFOSR since 1989
• AFOSR support branched into
other applications of conjugated
polymers
• Discovery of Ultrafast (300 fs)
photoinduced charge transfer
led to organic solar cell research
and bio-chemical sensor
development
+
Donor
Acceptor

h
e-
R
O
R
O
R
O
O
R
1Opt.
O
R
Commun. 141, 243 (1997)
2Phys. Rev. B56, 4573 (1997)
O
R
n
AFOSR Leadership Roles
• Foster Revolutionary Basic Research for Air Force
Needs
– 728 extramural research grants at 211 universities
– 194 intramural research projects at Air Force
laboratories
– 133 STTR small business - university contracts
– 368 transitions to DOD and industry
• Build Relationships with Leading Researchers –
Here and Abroad
– 79 summer faculty; 40 postdocs at AFRL
– 264 short-term foreign visitors; 37 personnel exchanges
– 58 technical workshops; 205 conferences sponsored
– Liaison Offices in Europe and Asia
World S&T Investment
1996* to 2004**
2%
Asia Share
1996: 26%
2004: 35%
2%
EU
28%
38
%
<1%
3%
* UIS S&T database; World Bank - PPP data
4% 3%
1%
2%
1%
16%
Lyons, Mikami 2005, AOARD
+78%
2%
33%
2%
EU
25%
12%
5%
3%
<1%
13%
3%
1%
1%
Lyons, Mikami 2006, AOARD
** OECD 2005 PPP; Global S&T Report (Batelle) - PPP data
Window-on-Science Visits
(WOSs)
• AOARD invites prominent Asian Scientists to USAF labs/centers:
– Visitor provides a seminar and engages in technical discussions
with USAF S&T’s
– Official travel expenses are paid by AOARD
– Short-term visits to one or more locations
Photo courtesy of Mr. William Rieken
• Foreign military and civilian government employees may not be
eligible, unless they are academicians
• AOARD sends out Base Clearance Data -- FDO and Hosting POC
• Lead time: At least 60 days before travel start date
Conference Support
(CSP)
• AOARD funds workshops and conferences in Asia to promote
scientific interactions:
– We provide financial support to Asian conference organizers
– AOARD sponsorship must be separate from corporate sponsorship
– The support may be for a stand-alone workshop or for an
individual session within a large conference
• Lead time: As early as possible
AOARD, 2006
R & D Contracts/Grants
(R&D)
• AOARD funds small research proposals submitted in response to
AFOSR Broad Area Announcement (BAA) and USAF interests:
– USAF S&Ts evaluate the proposals
– The Proposer’s Guide is on the AFOSR web page
through AOARD web page http://www.tokyo.afosr.af.mil
AOARD, 2006
• Follow-on contracts are cost-shared by other USAF organization
• AOARD administers larger contracts on behalf of AFOSR and AFRL
• Lead time: Usually 60-90 days to complete the process
(White paper → Proposal → Evaluation → Contract)
AOARD Program Activities
FY-06
WOS
CSP
R&D
TOTAL
KOREA
30
11
16
57
JAPAN
16
15
16
47
AUSTRALIA
16
5
18
39
TAIWAN
9
3
14
26
INDIA
8
8
10
26
SINGAPORE
4
5
7
16
CHINA
3
2
0
5
MALAYSIA
3
2
0
5
THAILAND
0
2
1
3
VIETNAM
2
1
0
3
NEW ZEALAND
1
0
1
2
INDONESIA
0
1
0
1
COUNTRY
PROGRAM GOALS
• Seek and Cultivate
• Teaming and Leverage
• Harvest and Discovery
OVERVIEW TOPICS
• Power and Energy
• Intelligent Structures/Systems for Aerospace
Systems
• Multi-Scale and Interfaces for “Materials-byDesign”
• AFOSR/Taiwan Nanotechnology Initiative
BEST RESEARCH – CELL
EFFICIENCIES
36
Spectrolab
Multijunction Concentrators
Three-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)
Two-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)
Crystalline Si Cells
Single crystal
Multicrystalline
Thin Si
Thin Film Technologies
Cu(In,Ga)Se2
CdTe
Spire
Amorphous Si:H (stabilized)
Emerging PV
Westing- ARCO
Dye cells
house
Organic cells
32
28
Efficiency (%)
24
20
16
Spectrolab
Japan
Energy
NREL
12
8
Monosolar
Kodak
Boeing
4
RCA
0
1975
Georgia Tech UNSWNREL
NREL
NREL
Euro-CIS
Boeing
University
RCA
of Maine
RCA
RCA
RCA
RCA
1980
Boeing
AstroPower
RCA
Solarex
UCSB
1990
AstroPower
2011
Goal: 15 %
NREL
AIST
Princeton
University
Linz
University of
Lausanne
1985
NREL
University of
Lausanne
United Solar
Photon Energy
Kodak
NREL NREL
United Solar
AMETEK
Masushita
UNSW
NREL
Cu(In,Ga)Se2
14x concentration
Georgia Tech Sharp
ARCO Boeing
Solarex
UNSW
UNSW
University
So. Florida
State University
Kodak
UNSW
UNSW
Varian
(various technologies)No. Carolina
Boeing
NREL
Spire
Stanford
NREL/
Spectrolab
1995
Cambridge
2000
Siemens
2011
Goal: 10 %
(Dr. Jenekhe)
ECN,
The Netherlands
UC Berkeley
2005
Taken from a presentation by Baldwin “Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy;
Energy: A 21st Century Perspective; National Academy of Engineering; June 2, 2005”
2010
POWER AND ENERGY
Bio-Inspired Light Harvesting Research
Prof. Mamoru Nango, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan
• Starting with a One-year AOARD Seed Grant - 2006
• AFOSR MURI: Energy Harvesting and Storage Systems
and their Integration to Aero Vehicles
• Team Members:
UW, UCLA, UC, AFRL/VA, AFRL/ML, AOARD
• Technical Effort
Energy Harvesting - Mechanical & Solar
・Solar Cell - Low Cost & Efficient
・Polymeric: 3% to 10%
・Bio-Inspired Design: 8% to 15%
(Prof. Nango + 40 people team through AOARD)
POWER AND ENERGY
BIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH
Scientific Approach
・Mimic biosystem photosynthesis “structure”, “function”, “process”
・New Energy & Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan, UK,
USA
Accomplishment
1. X-ray crystal structure identification of LH1-RC and LH2
O
N
N
Mg
N
LH2
LH1-RC
N
O
COOCH3
O
O
Absorption
3
Bacteriochlorophyll a
(BChl a)
OCH3
OCH3
Carotenoid
POWER AND ENERGY
BIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH
2. Reconstitute LH1-RC (photosynthetic proteins) on electrode
using bio-selfassembly
RC or LH-RC
MV++
Au electrode
h
e-
Zn
RC or LH/RC complex
Photocurrent on electrode
e-
e-
Zn
e-
Photocurrent on electrode
e-
S
S
S
Au
ITO electrode
Glass substrate
Rb.sphaeroides LH1-b
SH
ADKSDLGYTGLTDEQAQELHS VYMSGLWLFSAVAIVAHLAVYIW RPWF
VYMSGLWLFSAVAIVAHLAVYIW RPWFGGC
N-terminal
hydrophobic core
C-terminal
3. Stabilized APS(3-aminopropylsilane)-ITO
POWER AND ENERGY
BIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH
4. Synthesized LH1 polypeptide/pigments complex for broadband
(UV to IR) absorption for device efficiency and stability
Normalized absorbance
1.2
Spheroidene isolated from Rb. sphaeroides (Left)
Spirilloxanthin isolated from Rs. rubrum (Right)
1
no carotenoid
with spirilloxanthin
with spheroidene
870
880
0.8
0.6
469
513
0.4
0.2
0
300
400
500 600 700 800
Wavelength (nm)
900
1000
• Future plan
Develop nano-TiO2 electrode and device model for functionalized
LH1-RC & LH2 to increase performance & stability
FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH
USING ATOMS
 Atoms move to the minimum-energy position
 Arbitrary two atoms ’i’ and ’j’ are regarded as
two nodes, and their potential as one element
 Element Shape Function Formation
Advantages of Our
Approach
 Computationally efficient
 Reflects physical reality
 Conducive for the observation of deformation
mechanisms
FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH
USING ATOMS
Nanomechanics and Nanoplasticity
Strain Gradient Distributions at
Three Different Indentation Depths
Jeng et al., Applied Physics Letters, 2006
Mechanical Characteristics
of Nanotube Junctions
Physical Review B, 2006
NANO-SMA/SMP FOR COMPOSITES
Impurity-Free High-Performance
SMA and SMP
Gas-atomization-produced
Nickel-Titanium SMA powders
Electro-dissolving SMA Fiber
NEW AND IMPROVED MATRIX PROPERTIES
MORPHING AND SHAPE CONTROL FOR PERFORMANCE
Recent Results
•
Taiwan/Korea Nano-Science Initiatives: Leveraging Asia’s $1.5 billion nanotechnology investment
•
National Central University, Taiwan: ROCSAT: Studying low-latitude ionospheric
scintillations - communication/navigation outage forecasting
•
Tohoku University, Japan: Tackling Hurdles in Micro-turbine Research: lunch-boxsize 100 watt power source, 10 mm rotor, 1 million rpm bearing
•
Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia: Gaining access to HyShot flight data
from world’s 1st in-flight scramjet combustor test (Mach 7.5)
•
Cooperative Operation of UAVs: Australian Center for Field Robotics (ACFR): Multiobjective control laws & cooperative airborne inertial - SLAM
Photo courtesy of Dr. Sukkarieh
Photo courtesy of Dr. Isomura
Photo Courtesy of Dr. Allan Paull