Terms for matter map
Mixture
C
Atoms
Chemical
change
Can be
separated
Heterogeneous O
Chemical
Formula
Pure
substance
x2
Element
2 or more
phases
O2
Chemical
Symbol
Solution
Compound
Homogeneous
H2O
One phase
NaCl
One phase Can not be
broken
down
Physical
Molecule
change
Can not be
broken
down
atoms
Matter Map
1
2
11
3
4
12
13
8
6
5
9
14
18
20
15 16
19
21 22
23
24
7
10
25
17
except
26
General Trends
• Atomic Number
Protons
• Mass Number
Protons + Neutrons
Chem 20:Periodic table of elements
Metals
Luster – shiny.
Ductile – drawn into wires.
Malleable – hammered into sheets.
Conductors of heat and electricity
Transition metals

The Group B elements



Dull
Brittle
Nonconductorsinsulators
Non-metals
Metalloids or Semimetals


Properties of both
Semiconductors
 These
are called the inner
transition elements and they
belong here
Subatomic particles and periodic table
Particle
Proton
Electron
Neutron
Mass
1
0
1
Charge
+ve
-ve
neutral
Atomic number = # protons
mass number = # protons + neutrons
# electrons = # protons…..in an neutral atom
Why? – because it is an uncharged particle
# neutrons= atomic mass – atomic number
Dalton
Model: solid sphere
Analogy: billiard ball
Thomson
Model: positive sphere with embedded
electrons
Analogy: raisin bun
02_24
Rutherford’s gold foil experiment
Some alpha
particles are
scattered
Uranium source of
alpha particles (embedded
in a lead block to absorb
most of the radiation)
Beam of
alpha particles
Luminescent screen
to detect scattered
alpha
 particles
particles
Most particles
pass straight
through foil
Thin
metal foil
Rutherford Simulation
17
Rutherford
Model: nuclear
Summary: Neils Bohr

Energy Levels of Electrons
-electrons exist in distinct energy levels
surrounding the nucleus
-electrons can “jump” from energy level
to energy level but cannot exist
between energy levels.
19
Arrangement of Electrons in Shells



Bohr theorized that the negative
electrons were arranged around the
positive nucleus in shells or levels
Valence Electrons
level 1
2 max
Electrons always occupy the lowest
levels first.
level 2
8 max
level 3
8 max
Outer group electrons are called the
Valence Electrons and are most
important in determining an element’s
reactions
level 4
8 max
level 5
8max
20
Observations and
Interpretations


An observation is a direct form of
knowledge obtained by one of your 5
senses. Can be qualitative or
quantitative. Can be called
Empirical Knowledge
An interpretation or inference is an
indirect form of knowledge that builds
on experience. Can be called
Theoretical Knowledge
Types of Knowledge

Classify the following statements
as empirical (observation) or theoretical and
as qualitative or quantitative
1.There are 3.0 g of NaCl in the solution.
2. The ions in solution are Na+ and Cl- because salt
dissociates.
3. For each Ca2+ ion there are 2Cl- ions in a CaCl2
solution.
4. A sodium chloride solution conducts electricity as
shown by the conductivity apparatus.
Classifying compounds
Type
Theoretical
Defn
State
Empirical Defn
(SATP)
Conductivity of
Litmus
aqueous solution
solid
high to low
3
No
4
change
7
No
8
change
Ionic
metal and
1
nonmetal
Molecular
nonmetal and s,l,g
5
6
nonmetal
none
Acid
aqueous
molecular
9
compounds of
hydrogen
s,l,g
high to low
ionic
13
hydroxides
solid
Base
2
before
10
dissolving
14
11
high to low
15
BRA
12
RBB
16