Cover Slide
The American
Pageant
Chapter 2
The Planting of
English America,
1500-1733
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England’s Imperial Stirrings
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1600 - North America largely unclaimed
– Spanish had much control in Central and South America.
Spain
– Santa Fe- 1610
France
– Quebec -1608
Britain
– Jamestown- 1607
1500s - Britain failed to effectively colonize due to internal conflicts
– King Henry VIII
• broke with the Roman Catholic Church
• launched the English Protestant Reformation
– Elizabeth I became queen
• Britain became Protestant
• rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified
– Ireland, the
• Catholics sought Spain’s help in revolt against England
• English crushed the uprising with brutal atrocity, and developed an attitude
of sneering contempt for natives
Elizabeth Energizes England
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Francis Drake
– Knighted by Elizabeth I after pirated Spanish ships for gold then
circumnavigated the globe
– This reward angered the Spanish who sought revenge
English attempts at colonization in the New World failed embarrassingly
– Sir Walter Raleigh and the Roanoke Island Colony, better known as “The Lost
Colony”
Spain attacked Britain but lost in the Spanish Armada’s defeat of 1588
– Opened the door for Britain to cross the Atlantic
– Swarmed to America
– Took over the lead in colonization and power
– Victory also fueled England to new heights due to…
• Strong government/popular monarch, more religious unity, a sense of
nationalism
• Golden age of literature (Shakespeare)
• Beginning of British dominance at sea (which lasts until U.S. tops them,
around 1900)
– Britain and Spain finally signed a peace treaty in 1604
England on the Eve of the Empire
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1500s
– Britain’s population was mushrooming
New policy of enclosure (fencing in land) for farming
– Less or no land for the poor
Woolen districts fell upon hard times economically
– Workers lost jobs
Tradition of primogeniture = 1st born son inherits ALL father’s land
– Younger sons of rich folk (who couldn’t inherit money) tried their luck
with fortunes elsewhere, like America
1600s, the
– Joint-stock company was perfected (investors put money into the
company with hopes for a good return)
England Plants the
Jamestown Seedling
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1606 - Virginia Company received a charter from King James I
– To make a settlement in the New World
– Joint-stock companies did not exist long
• Stockholders invested hopes to form the company, turn a profit, and then
quickly sell for profit a few years later
Charter of the Virginia Company
– Guaranteed settlers the same rights as Englishmen in Britain
May 24, 1607 - 100 English settlers disembarked from their ship & founded Jamestown
– Forty colonists perished during the voyage
– Problems emerged
• The swampy site of Jamestown meant poor drinking water and mosquitoes
causing malaria and yellow fever
• Men wasted time looking for gold rather than doing useful tasks (digging
wells, building shelter, planting crops)
• There were zero women on the initial ship
– Supply ship shipwrecked in the Bahamas (1609)
England Plants the
Jamestown Seedling
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1608 - Captain John Smith took over control and whipped the colonists into shape.
– Kidnapped by local Indians
• forced into a mock execution by the chief Powhatan
• “saved” by Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas
– Meant to show that Powhatan wanted peaceful relations with the colonists
– John Smith’s main contribution
• gave order and discipline,
– highlighted by his “no work, no food” policy
Colonists had to eat cats, dogs, rats, even other people
– One fellow wrote of eating “pickled wife”
1610 - a relief party
– headed by Lord De La Warr
– arrived to alleviate the suffering
1625 - out of 8,000 would-be settlers, only 1,200 had survived
Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake
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Powhatan considered the new colonists potential allies
– tried to be friendly with them
– colonists raided Indian food supplies
– relations deteriorated
– war occurred
De La Warr used: “Irish tactics”
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First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614
– peace settlement sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe
– Rolfe & Pocahontas nurtured a favorable flavor of sweet tobacco
1622 - the Indians struck again
– series of attacks that left 347 settlers, including John Rolfe, dead
Second Anglo-Powhatan War began in 1644, ended in 1646
– banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands
Settlers began to grow their own food
– Indians were useless
– therefore banished
Virginia: Child of Tobacco
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Jamestown’s gold is found
– tobacco
– Rolfe’s sweet tobacco
• sought as a cash crop by Europe
• Jamestown had found its gold
– Tobacco created a greed for land
• it heavily depleted the soil
• ruined the land
Representative self-government
– born in Virginia
– 1619 created the House of Burgesses, a committee to work out local issues
– set America on a self-rule pathway
First African Americans arrive in America
– 1619
– unclear if they were slaves or indentured servants
Maryland: Catholic Haven
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Religious Diversity
– Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore
– Maryland
• Second plantation colony
• Fourth overall colony to be formed
– Founded to be a place for persecuted Catholics to find refuge (a safe haven)
– Lord Baltimore
• Gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives
• Poorer people who settled there where mostly Protestant
• Created friction
Maryland prospered with tobacco
A lot of indentured servants
– 1600s (in Maryland and Virginia)
• Black slavery begin to become popular
Maryland’s statute
– Act of Toleration
• Guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians
• Decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheists and others who didn’t believe in
the divinity of Jesus Christ
The West Indies: Way Station
to Mainland America
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British
– colonizing Virginia
– settling into the West Indies
Mid-1600s
– England secured claim to several West Indies islands, including Jamaica in 1655
Grew lots of sugar on brutal plantations
Slaves
– needed to operate sugar plantations. At first,
– Indians were intended to be used, but disease killed an estimated 90% of all
Native Americans
– Thousands of Africans were brought in
“Codes” were set up
– To control the slaves
– Defined the legal status of slaves
– The rights of the masters
– Typically strict and exacted severe punishments for offenders
Colonizing the Carolinas
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England
– King Charles I had been beheaded
– Oliver Cromwell ruled for ten very strict years
– restored Charles II to the throne in “The Restoration”
Bloody period had interrupted colonization but after began the “restoration colonies”
Carolina was
– named after Charles II
– formally created in 1670
– flourished by developing close economic ties with the West Indies
– original Carolina settlers had come from Barbados
• brought in the strict “Slave Codes” for ruling slaves
– Indians as slaves was protested, but slaves were sent to the West Indies and New
England to work
– Rice emerged as the principle crop
• African slaves were hired to work on rice plantations, due to
– resistance to malaria and just as importantly
– familiarity with rice
Violence with Spanish and Indians
– Carolina proved to be too strong to be wiped out
The Emergence of North
Carolina
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Newcomers to Carolina were “squatters”
– people who owned no land
– usually down from Virginia
North Carolinians
– developed a strong resistance to authority
– due to geographic isolation from neighbors
Two “flavors” of Carolinians developed:
– aristocratic and wealthier down south around Charleston and rice & indigo
plantations
– strong-willed and independent-minded up north on small tobacco farms
1712
– North and South Carolina were officially separated
1711
– Tuscarora Indians attacked North Carolina
– Carolinians responded by crushing the opposition, selling hundreds to slavery and
leaving the rest to wander north, eventually becoming the Sixth Nation of the
Iroquois
Late-Coming Georgia: The
Buffer Colony
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Georgia
– intended to be a buffer between the British colonies and the hostile Spanish
settlements in Florida
– enemy French in Louisiana.
1733 - founded last by a high-minded group of philanthropists
– mainly James Oglethorpe
Named after King George II
– second chance site for wretched souls in debt
James Oglethorpe, the ablest of the founders and a dynamic soldier-statesman,
repelled Spanish attacks
– He saved “the Charity Colony” by his energetic leadership and by using his own
fortune to help with the colony
All Christians, except Catholics, enjoyed religious toleration, and many missionaries
came to try to convert the Indians
– John Wesley was one of them, and he later returned to England and founded
Methodism
Georgia grew very slowly
The Plantation Colonies
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Slavery was found in all the plantation colonies
The growth of cities was often stunted by forests
The establishment of schools and churches was difficult due to people being
spread out
In the South, the crops were tobacco and rice, and some indigo in the tidewater
region of SC
All the plantation colonies permitted some religious toleration
Confrontations with Native Americans were often
Makers of America: The
Iroquois
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New York State - the Iroquois League (AKA the Iroquois Confederation) once a
great power
– Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas
– Vied with neighboring Indians and later French, English, and Dutch for supremacy
The longhouse was the building block of Iroquois society
– Only 25 feet wide, but over 200 feet long, longhouses were typically occupied by a
few blood-related families (on the mother’s side)
The Mohawks were middlemen with European traders
The Senecas were fur suppliers
The Five Nations of the Iroquois’ rivals, the neighboring Hurons, Eries, and Petuns,
were vanquished
Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, the Iroquois allied with the British and French
(whichever was more beneficial)
American Revolution - the question of with whom to side was split. Most sided with
the British, but not all
Iroquois were forced to reservations - proved to be unbearable to these proud people
Iroquois - Handsome Lake arose to warn his tribe’s people to mend their ways
– His teachings live today in the form of the longhouse religion
Armada Portrait of
Elizabeth I
Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I
Queen Elizabeth I used her charm and intelligence to turn England into a major
world power. This portrait, painted around 1588 when Elizabeth was 55 years old,
shows the queen at the peak of her power, a fact depicted by the artist in the scenes
visible through the windows in the background. Through the left window, we can see
Elizabeth's naval fleet; through the right one, we witness the Spanish Armada sinking
in the stormy Atlantic. (By kind permission of the Marquess of Tavistock and
Trustees of the Bedford Estate)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Bartholomew Gosnold Trading with Indians at Martha's Vineyard by Theodor de
Bry, 1634
Bartholomew Gosnold Trading with Indians at Martha's Vineyard by Theodor
de Bry, 1634
This picture shows one interpretation of a trading session between the English and
Native Americans. Theodor de Bry was one of the first to include such drawings in
his accounts of the New World. Previous works on the subject contained either no
illustrations or very crude ones. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera
Depiction of Racial Mixtures by
Miguel Cabrera
One of the few extant depictions of a
mixed-race family in eighteenth-century
North America, by the Mexican artist
Miguel Cabrera, 1763. The Spanish
father and Indian mother have produced
a mestiza daughter. Families such as this
would have been frequently seen in New
Mexico as well. (Private Collection )
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Jamestown skeleton
Jamestown skeleton
In 1996, archeologists working at
Jamestown uncovered this skeleton of a
young man they nicknamed "JR." JR
was a European male, 5' 6" tall, between
the ages of 19 and 22. We know that he
bled to death from a bullet wound in his
leg, but we don't know the circumstances
of his death. Was he a gentleman, shot
for treason? Was he a soldier? Was he
perhaps a co-conspirator with Captain
John Smith in Smith's mutiny attempt at
sea? The answer remains a mystery, but
JR's discovery illustrates how much
early American historians have come to
rely upon archeologists for help in
reconstructing the colonial past.
(Kenneth K. Lyons/Newport News Daily
Press)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
John White's
drawings of
Indians fishing
John White's drawings of Indians
fishing
John White, an artist with Raleigh's 1585
expedition (and later the governor of the
ill-fated 1587 colony), illustrated three
different fishing techniques used by
Carolina Indians: to the left, the
construction of weirs and traps; in the
background, spearfishing in shallow
water; and in the foreground, fishing
from dugout canoes. The fish are
accurately drawn and can be identified
today. (Trustees of the British Museum)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Nathaniel Bacon
Nathaniel Bacon
Nathaniel Bacon came to Virginia as a
gentleman in the 1670s, but his
resentment of the economic and political
domination of the colony by a small
group of planters transformed him into a
backwoods rebel. In 1676, Bacon led an
army of discontented farmers, servants,
and slaves against the powerful coastal
planters--and almost won. In this stained
glass window, discovered and restored in
the twentieth century, Bacon's social
class and his commanding presence are
both evident. (The Association for the
Preservation of Virginia Antiquities at
Bacon's Castle, Library of Virginia)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Native American Planting Maize,
from Folio 121 from Histoire
Naturelles Des Indes
Native American Planting Maize, from Folio 121 from Histoire Naturelles Des Indes
Maize (corn), which was genetically engineered by Native Americans in what is now Mexico
some 7,000 years ago, became one of the staple food sources for many Indian groups in North
America. This sixteenth-century illustration depicts traditional Native American agricultural
practices and typical foods including corn, squashes, and gourds. (The Pierpont Morogan
Library/Art Resource, New York)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Native American Women Planting
Crops in Florida by Jacques Le
Moyne
Native American Women Planting Crops in Florida by Jacques Le Moyne
Jacques Le Moyne, an artist accompanying the French settlement in Florida in the 1560s,
produced some of the first European images of North American peoples. His depiction of
native agricultural practices shows the sexual division of labor: men breaking up the ground
with fish-bone hoes before women drop seeds into the holes. But Le Moyne's version of the
scene cannot be accepted uncritically: unable to abandon a European view of proper farming
methods, he erroneously drew plowed furrows in the soil.(John Carter Brown Library at Brown
University)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam
Unlike Amsterdam, its parent city, this small colonial port had only a few homes
crowding the tip of the island during the early 1600s. However, New Amsterdam
became an important strategic location for Dutch trading. A few of the mother country's
largest ships brought colonists much-needed goods each year, while colonial merchants
waited anxiously to exchange furs and timber. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Map: Chesapeake Expansion, 1607-1700
Chesapeake Expansion, 1607-1700
The Chesapeake colonies expanded slowly before mid-century. By 1700 Anglo-Indian wars, a rising English population, and
an influx of enslaved Africans permitted settlers to spread throughout the tidewater.
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Map: Early Chesapeake Settlement
Early Chesapeake Settlement
This map shows the location of both Indian and English colonial settlements in the early seventeenth century. As the English
communities grew in number and size, conflicts between the Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy and the colonists also
grew, eventually leading to warfare and considerable loss of life.
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Map: English Migration, 1610-1660
English Migration, 1610-1660
During the first phase of English transatlantic migration, the West Indies attracted more than twice as many colonists as went
to the Chesapeake, and over four times as many settled in New England.
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Map: European Colonization in the Middle and North Atlantic, c. 1650
European Colonization in the Middle and North Atlantic, c. 1650
North of Spanish Florida, four European powers competed for territory and trade with Native Americans in the early
seventeenth century. Swedish and Dutch colonization was the foundation upon which England's middle colonies were built.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Map: European Explorations in America
European Explorations in America
In the century following Columbus's voyages, European adventurers explored the coasts and parts of the interior of North
and South America.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Map: European Imperial Claims and Settlements in Eastern North America, 1565-1625
European Imperial Claims and Settlements in Eastern North America, 1565-1625
By 1625 four European nations contended for territory on North America's Atlantic coast. Except for St. Augustine, Florida,
all settlements established before 1607 had been abandoned by 1625.
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Map: European Settlements and Indians, 1754
European Settlements and Indians, 1754
By 1754, Europeans had expanded the limits of the English colonies to the eastern slopes of the Appalachian Mountains.
Few independent Indian nations still existed in the East, but beyond the mountains they controlled the countryside. Only a
few widely scattered English and French forts maintained the Europeans' presence there.
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Map: Land Divisions in Sudbury, Massachusetts, 1639-1656
Land Divisions in Sudbury, Massachusetts, 1639-1656
Early New England towns sought to heighten communalism by clustering homes around a meetinghouse and a town
commons (used for grazing). Sudbury, like many towns, followed an English practice of distributing croplands in scattered
strips. John Goodnow, for example, grew crops in five fields at varying distances from his house.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Map: New England Colonies
New England Colonies
The most densely settled region of the mainland was New England, where English settlements and Indian villages existed
side by side.
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Map: New Mexico, c. 1680
New Mexico, c. 1680
In 1680, the lone Spanish settlement at Santa Fe was surrounded and vastly outnumbered by the many Pueblo villages
nearby.
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Map: Pattern of Settlement in Surry County, Virginia, 1620-1660
Pattern of Settlement in Surry County, Virginia, 1620-1660
In contrast to New Englanders, Chesapeake colonists spread out along the banks of rivers and creeks.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Map: The Indian Confederacies
The Indian Confederacies
This map shows the three major Indian military and political coalitions--the Huron, Iroquois, and Creek confederacies.
Unlike the squabbling English mainland colonies, these Indian tribes understood the value of military unity in the face of
threats to their land and their safety and the importance of diplomatic unity in negotiating with their European allies.
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Map: Western Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade
Western Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade
Africa's western shore was the major source for slaves that were transported to European colonies on the Atlantic islands, the
Caribbean islands, and mainland North and South America. Powerful coastal kingdoms mounted organized raids into many
inland areas to capture people who were then marched to the coast for shipment to the New World. This map and the
accompanying table show the several regions from which slaves were extracted and give approximate numbers of people
who were exported from each.
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