Annexure – VII
Goal – II :
Bridge All Gender
&
Social Category Gaps at
Elementary Level by 2010
Presentation by :
Ms. Kiran Dogra, Consultant
INTRODUCTION
Gender Gap in enrolment is the gap
in percentage point, between the
ratio of boys and girls enrolment
Type of Gender Gap in Education
which are tracked
1. Enrolment
3. Transition
2. Retention
4. Achievement
Barriers for Girls Education
Economic : Poverty, Migration, low wages,
 Social : Attitudes of parents & community,
Deep rooted Social Practices, Early
marriage, Child labor, Sibling care,
 Infrastructural : access to school at UP,
gap in Pupil teacher ratio, lack of girls
toilets, lack of sensitivity of teachers
towards girls’ special needs

What SSA provides for Girls
Education
Generic provisions under SSA

Opening new schools at primary and upper primary.

Residential schools at upper primary level.


SSA interventions of free textbooks, girls toilets,
recruitment of women teachers, pre-school support
under ECCE, bridge courses for out of school girls,
gender sensitization of teachers.
Innovative activities in several States – Life skills
education, remedial teaching, vocational training for
older girls, health and hygiene camps and uniforms/
incentives.
Gender Gap in Enrolment since
2002-03
Primary
Gender Gap in Enrolment Since 2002-03
Upper Primary
12.0%
10.0%
11%
9%
P.P.
8.0%
8.9%
8.0%
6.9%
6.0%
5.5%
5.1%
5.1%
4.0%
4.5%
3.9%
2.0%
0.0%
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
Year
2005-06
2006-07
Goal 2: Bridging Gender and Social Gaps
[National Scenario]
 Girls enrolment at primary is 47.8% and at upper primary
is 45.8%
 There is declining trend in Gender Gap in enrolment
STATUS OF GENDER GAP
Primary
Upper Primary
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
5.5%
5.1%
5.1%
4.5%
3.9%
10.7%
9.4%
8.9%
8.0%
6.9%
Share of girls enrolment in States of 35
million plus cities at Primary Level
States
AP
Bihar
Delhi
Gujarat
Haryana
Jharkhand
Karnataka
% Share of Girls
2002-03
Gap 2006-07
49%
1.7
49%
42%
15.1
46%
48%
3.1
47%
46%
7.7
47%
48%
4.5
47%
45%
10.7
49%
49%
2.9
48%
Gap
1.4 ↓
8.2 ↓
6.5 ↑
6.4 ↓
5.4 ↑
2.8 ↓
3.2 ↑
Continued…….
States
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamilnadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
% Share of Girls
2002-03
49%
47%
48%
NA
Gap
1.4
5.5
4.2
NA
2006-07
49%
49%
47%
46%
46%
48%
47%
49%
8.8
3.5
5.5
1.2
47%
48%
49%
49%
Gap
1.1 ↓
2.5 ↓
5.4 ↑
8.3 ↓
6.4
3.2
2.3
1.4
↓
↓
↓
↑
Share of girls enrollment in States of 35
million plus cities at Upper Primary Level
States
AP
Bihar
Delhi
Gujarat
Haryana
Jharkhand
Karnataka
% Share of Girls
2003-04
Gap 2006-07 Gap
3.6 ↓
46%
7.6
48%
16.7 ↓
35%
29.1
42%
6.4 ↑
47%
5.8
47%
10.6 ↓
42%
16.1
45%
3.6 ↓
47%
6.1
48%
9.5 ↓
40%
20.1
45%
4.1 ↓
47%
5.5
48%
Continued………
States
% Share of Girls
2003-04
Gap
2006-07
Gap
Kerala
48%
3.6
48%
3.5 ↓
Madhya Pradesh
41%
18.3
45%
9.9 ↓
Maharashtra
48%
5.0
47%
5.9 ↑
NA
NA
46%
7.9 ↓
Rajasthan
34%
32.2
40%
20.2 ↓
Tamilnadu
48%
3.7
48%
3.7 ↓
Uttar Pradesh
42%
16.9
47%
5.4 ↓
West Bengal
48%
4.9
50%
0.9 ↓
Punjab
Gender Gap in the States of Million
Plus Cities at Primary >=10 pp
Name of The State :
Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
Total No. of States: 07
Gender Gap in the States of Million
Plus Cities at Upper Primary >=20 pp
Name of The State:
Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
Total No. of States: 07
Status of Out of School Children
Out of School Children
2001
326 lakh
2005
2008
Total
Girls
6.9 %
7.9%
SC
ST
8.1%
9.5%
Muslim
9.9%
2.2 %
3.4%
3.7%
2008
13
45 lakh
2.3%
4.5%
Reducing trends in Out of School Girls





Out of 75 lakh OOSC, % of out of schools girls - 49.9%
which is 3.9% of total 6-14 population of girls.
In 6-11 years girls out of school are 3.34%.
In 11-14 year girls out of school are 5.30%.
Out of School among SCs declining
 3.97% SCs Out of School (8.1% SRI IMRB)
 States where SC OoSC >4% Bihar, UP, Nagaland,
Mizoram, WB, Orissa, Assam, Sikkim, Punjab,
Haryana, J & K
Dropout gap at primary level between all categories and
Scheduled Caste is 5.21% points. (SES)
 Goa (53.67), UP (18.54), Tamil Nadu (12.22), WB
(11.28) Haryana (9.8), HP (8.79), Chandigarh (7.61),
Punjab (5.24)
Trends in Transition Rates
(primary to upper primary)




Year
Boys
Girls
Gap
2003
76.01
71.98
4.03
2004
79.96
75.78
4.18
2005
83.66
80.64
3.02
Increase in 8.6 pp against that of boys increased by 7.65
pp.
Gender gap in transition has narrowed from 4.03 pp to
3.02 since 2003-04
Transition rate for SC girls increased from 80 (2004-05) to
83 (2005-06) – (Gender Gap in transition is 3 pp in
2005-06).
Transition rate for ST girls increased from 85 (2004-05) to
88 (2005-06) - (Gender Gap in transition is 2 pp in
2005-06).
Initiatives for Bridging Gender
&
Social Gaps
Focus on Girls
 Special focus on SC, ST, OBC, and Minority
Girls

Major Interventions:
•
•
•
National Programme for Education of Girls at
Elementary Level (NPEGEL)
Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)
Alternative and Innovative Education
Kasturba Gandhi Balika
Vidyalaya




Setting up of residential schools with
boarding facility at elementary level for
girls
Main focus on SC/ST/OBC and Muslim
minorities in difficult areas (75% reserved)
Scheme
applicable
in
Educationally
Backward Blocks (EBB)
Objective is to address gender gap in
literacy.
NPEGEL
Major focus:







Enrolment of out of school girls
Ensuring retention
Quality education with life skills
Community Participation
Teacher sensitization
Girl friendly school environment
Gender equality
The Achievements at a Glance
20 million girls covered under NPEGEL
 150,000 girls covered under KGBV
 1600 adolescent girls covered under MSK
 MSK graduates as instructors for Karate, Yoga
and skill development in NPEGEL schools
 More than 1 lakh adolescent girls forums
(Meena munch) are working for social change
 Balsansad / Balsanghams (adolescents forums)

Emphasis on…
Empowerment of Girls / Life Skill education,
Gender equality, Remedial teaching, Livelihood
Education / Vocational Training, Health Education
– adolescents special needs, Gender Sensitization
& capacity building of teachers, Gender sensitive
teaching learning curriculum and material,
Participatory learning environment, Institutional
visits, etc. Free text books & uniform,
scholarship, bridging for mainstream education,
girl friendly environment, residential schools
(UPS), opening of girls schools, recruitment of
women teachers (50%)
Challenges
• SRI – IMRB study estimates 7.92 % girls are
out of school. (4% SC, 4.8 % ST , 3.6 % OBC
and 4.5.% Muslim girls)
• Districts with high gender gap
• Primary (gender gap > 10%) – 22
• Upper primary (gender gap > 15 %) - 160
• Completion of primary cycle and transition to
upper primary
• Percentage of female teachers in schools
• Functional girls toilets
Challenges

Migration for livelihood

Attitudes of parents & patriarchal socialization
process

Strong rooted societal pressures – dropouts due
to early marriages, domestic labor, sibling care

Preparation for mainstreaming and sustaining
enthusiasm both in parents and children

Identification of right aptitude teachers,
sensitized towards education of girls
EXPECTATIONS
Targeting focus Groups only
 Complete enrollment of KGBVs
 Adequate deployment of resources
 Close interaction with community
 Special emphases on marginalized section
among SC, ST and Muslims
 Monitoring
 Blocks specific strategies for in schools and
out of schools girls with measurable out
comes.

Thank
You