POLS 472-01
International Law in the Middle East
Fall 2013
Dr. Nesrine Badawi
nbadawi@aucegypt.edu
Meeting: Monday and Wednesday 10:00-11:15 am
Office Hours: Monday and Wednesday 11:15 – 12:15 (but you need to book an appointment
24 hours in advance)
Over the course of this semester we will be using the theory and practice of international law
to help us make sense of some of the most significant and controversial issues facing states,
peoples and individuals in the MENA region, and to think critically about the manner in
which these issues have arisen and been responded to. Focusing broadly on two themes –
self-determination and the use of force – the topics we will examine include: the influence of
European colonialism on state-formation in the Middle East; the 2003 invasion of Iraq and
the controversial doctrine of “pre-emptive self-defence” used to justify this invasion;
NATO’s “humanitarian” intervention in Libya and the wider question of the international
community’s “responsibility to protect”, and many other regional issues to which the
international legal dimension is crucial. We will also be reversing this relationship, using our
analysis of the issues facing the Middle East to help us make sense of, and think critically
about, international law. For instance, if the Security Council had passed a second resolution
authorising the use of force against Iraq in 2003, would we – as international lawyers – have
nothing to criticise about the war and its aftermath?
This course is premised on the idea of student-led learning: in this class your views
(informed, of course, by your reading, thinking and independent research) are considered
both legitimate and important. As one of its members, therefore, you are not only encouraged,
but expected, to participate.
COURSE ASSESSMENT
Paper (due December 2nd,2013)
Midterm
Final
Participation and Attendance
20%
25%
25%
20%
Paper: You will be asked to write a research paper on a relevant topic.
Paper Word Count: 3000-3500 words (excluding footnotes).
Participation:
Students are expected to participate actively in every class, and will be called upon in each
class to discuss the reading materials and answer related questions. If you are not present, or
if you are unprepared, you will receive no credit towards your participation grade, which is
worth 10% of the total mark.
As part of the participation assessment, you will be asked to take several pop quizzes
GRADING POLICY
N.B. Coursework that is handed in late will be penalised at a rate of 10% for the first 24
hours and 20% for the next 24 hours. No assignments will be accepted after 48 hours. There
are no exceptions to this rule.
A 94-100
A- 90-93
B+ 87-89
B 84-86
B- 80-83
C+ 77-79
C 74-76
C- 70-73
D+ 67-69
D 64-66
D- 60-63
F <59
READING MATERIALS
There no textbooks for the course; instead, you will be provided with readings and handouts,
which will be made available to you on blackboard, or by email, if they are not available on
the internet directly. Please bring the relevant readings to class with you. The “core
reading” texts are compulsory. You must read and reflect on all of these before coming to
class, using the list of “discussion points” for each topic to guide your thinking. Please note,
however, that the list of “further readings” for any topic is by no means comprehensive; on
the contrary, these materials constitute only a very tiny selection of what is out there, and are
designed to broaden your knowledge and spark your imagination with regard to a particular
topic. When writing essays and revising for exams you are expected to do your own research
into the areas you need to know more about – a task which has become vastly easier in recent
years thanks to the huge range of international legal materials and scholarship now available
electronically, either via databases such as HeinOnline, and/or directly on the web (see
“useful websites and other resources”, below). Please refer back to this syllabus at all times.
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
HeinOnline (database of legal journal articles, among other things):
Go to AUC Library >> Find Articles [With Databases] >> See All Databases >> HeinOnline
Core Collection >> Law Journal Library [from where you can either look up a journal article
via the alphabetical list of law journals; or click on the SEARCH tab >> Field Search >> and
search for what you want.
Avalon Project (Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy): http://avalon.law.yale.edu/
(see esp. Avalon’s special collection, “Middle East 1916-2001: A Documentary Record,”
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/mideast.asp)
Al Haq,
http://www.alhaq.org/
United Nations
www.un.org
Security Council Resolutions Archive
www.un.org/documents/scres.htm
General Assembly Resolutions Archive
www.un.org/documents/resga.htm
UN Treaty Collection
http://treaties.un.org/
International Court of Justice
www.icj-cij.org
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
www.icty.org
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
www.un.org/ictr/
International Criminal Court
www.icc-cpi.int
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
www.ohchr.org
European Court of Human Rights
www.echr.coe.int/echr
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
www.corteidh.or.cr
United Nations Peacebuilding Commission
http://www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/
International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/
International Committee of the Red Cross
www.icrc.org/
Amnesty International
www.amnesty.org/
Human Rights Watch
www.hrw.org/ar
Coalition Provisional Authority (inc. legal documents relating to the occupation)
www.iraqcoalition.org/
B'Tselem (Israeli Info. Center for Human Rights in the OPT) www.btselem.org/
Breaking the Silence (Israeli soldiers talk about the OPT)
www.breakingthesilence.or
g.il/
Al-Haq (Palestinian human rights NGO)
www.alhaq.org/
Jadaliyya (ezine produced by the Arab Studies Institute)
www.jadaliyya.com/
>> see esp. recently-launched section on “Occupation, Intervention and Law (OIL)”: http
://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/2063/jadaliyya-launches-section-on-occupation-intervent
Inner City Press
www.innercitypress.com/i
ndex.html
Law and Disorder (blog)
http://pashukanis.blogspot.
com/
Inside Justice (blog)
http://insidejustice.com/
For links to other useful websites for international legal materials, see:
American Society of International Law (ASIL) www.asil.org/electronic-resources.cfm
>> see also ASIL Insights ("international law behind the headlines," provide brief, balanced
accounts of the international law issues raised by newsworthy late-breaking events)
www.asil.org/insights.cfm
European Journal of International Law (EJIL), archived online at
http://www.ejil.org/archives.php
>> see also EJIL links:
http://www.ejil.org/links/index.php
University of Chicago
www.lib.uchicago.edu/~llou/forintlaw.html
Lauterpacht Centre for International Law
www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/
CLASSROOM POLICIES
Behaviour:
Students are expected to abide by the Student Academic Conduct Code and assist in creating
an environment that is conducive to learning and that protects the rights of all members of the
University community. Incivility and disruptive behaviour will not be tolerated, will certainly
lead to a low participation grade, if not a fail, and may result in a request to leave class and
referral to the Office of Student Affairs for discipline. Examples of inappropriate classroom
conduct include repeatedly arriving late, using a mobile phone or checking email/internet
during class, talking while the instructor or other students are speaking and leaving the
classroom without permission.
Plagiarism/Cheating:
Plagiarism and cheating of any kind will not be tolerated. Any assignment which shows
evidence of either will receive an immediate fail. It is essential that you attribute all the ideas
that you have borrowed. Distinguishing between your own words and ideas and those of
others is by no means as easy as it sounds. See the University guidelines for more details:
http://www.aucegypt.edu/academics/integrity/Students/Pages/default.aspx
Lateness:
Minor and infrequent lateness is occasionally unavoidable, but please enter the classroom
quietly and with as little disruption as possible. Repeated or disruptive lateness will be
penalised.
Mobile phones and laptop computers:
Any and every use of mobile phones during class is strictly prohibited. If you use your phone,
it will be confiscated for at least the rest of the class, and your participation grade will suffer.
Similarly, when it comes to the use of laptops, this must be for note-taking only. Accessing
the internet or using instant messaging programmes is not permitted. If used for these
purposes, you will lose the privilege of using your laptop in class and marks will be deducted
from your participation grade.
Sessions
Session 1 (04/09/2013): Introduction to the Course
Session 2 (08/09/2013): Critical Tools I


Nathaniel Berman, “In the Wake of Empire.” American University International Law
Review 14 (1999), 1521-69.
James Thuo Gathii, “International Law and Eurocentricity,” European Journal of
International Law 9 (1998), 184-211.
Session 3 (11/09/2013): Critical Tools II


Antony Anghie & B. S. Chimni, “Third World Approaches to International Law and
Individual Responsibility in Internal Conflicts,” Chinese Journal of International Law
2 (2003), 77-103 – focus on pp. 77-87.
Martti Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civiliser of Nations: the Rise and Fall of
International Law, 1870-1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, Chs. 1
and 2.
Statehood and Self Determination
Session 4 (15/09/2013) & Session 5 (18/09/2013): Statehood, Recognition and
International Personality in the Nineteenth Century – the Ottoman Empire
CORE READING:
 Hugh McKinnon Wood, “The Treaty of Paris and Turkey’s Status in International
Law,” American Journal of International Law 37 (1943), 262-74.
 Feroz Ahmad, “Ottoman Perceptions of the Capitulations, 1800-1914,”Journal of
Islamic Studies 11 (2000), 1-20.
 John Westlake, The Collected Papers of John Westlake on International Law, ed.
Lassa Oppenheim (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1914), 6-7; 78-85.
FURTHER READING:
 Brett Bowden, “The Colonial Origins of International Law: European Expansion and
the Classical Standard of Civilisation,” Journal of the History of International Law 7
(2005), 1-23.
 Lassa Oppenheim, International Law: a Treatise, Vol. 1, 1st Ed. (London, New York
& Bombay: Longmans, Greens & Co., 1905), pp. 30-34; 99-101.
 Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (inter-American), Montevideo, 26 Dec.
1933, LNTS 165 (1934) 19 [“Montevideo Convention”], available at
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Montevideo_Convention
 General Act of the Conference of Berlin, Berlin, 26 February 1885. BSP & Other,
76/4 [“Berlin Act”], esp. Arts. I, V, VI, IX, X, XXXIV and XXXV.
Session 6 (22/09/2013) & Session 7 (25/09/2013): The Legal Framework for SelfDetermination in the Middle East prior to 1945 – Protectorates
CORE READING:
 Malcolm McIlwraith, “The Declaration of a Protectorate in Egypt and its Legal
Effects,” Journal of Social and Comparative Legislation 17 (1917), 238-59.
 James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law. 2nd Ed (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 2006), pp. 282-328 (Ch. 7: “Dependent States and Other Dependent
Entities”).
FURTHER READING:
 Norman Dwight Harris, “The New Moroccan Protectorate,” American Journal of
International Law 7 (1913), 245-67, esp. p. 261, ff.
 Nathan J. Brown, “Law and Imperialism: Egypt in Comparative Perspective,” Law &
Society Review 29 (1995), 103-125.
 Robert L. Tignor, “Decolonization and Business: the Case of Egypt,” The Journal of
Modern History 59 (1987), 479-505.
Session 8 (29/09.2013) & Session 9 (02/10/2013): The Legal Framework for SelfDetermination in the Middle East prior to 1945 – Mandates
CORE READING:
 Antony Anghie, “Colonialism and the Birth of International Institutions: Sovereignty,
Economy and the Mandate System of the League of Nations,” New York University
Journal of International Law and Politics 34 (2002), 513-633.
FURTHER READING:
 Address on the Fourteen Points for Peace. Speech by US President Woodrow
Wilson to Congress, 8 Jan. 1918. The Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library,
available at http://wwl2.dataformat.com/Document.aspx?doc=30716
 Nathaniel Berman, “‘But the Alternative is Despair’: European Nationalism and the
Modernist Renewal of International Law.” Harvard Law Review 106 (1992-93),
1793-1903.
Holiday: 06/10/2013
Session 10 (09/10/2013): Midterm
Holiday: 16/10/2013
Session 11 (13/10/2013) & Session 12 (20/10/2013): Self Determination in the Middle
East: Palestine- UP to 1948 (Critical Perspectives)
CORE READING:
 Geoffrey Watson, “Before Oslo: A Brief Legal History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict,”
pp. 3-40 in The Oslo Accords: International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Peace
Agreements, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
 GA Res.181 (“Partition Plan”), A/Res/181(II)[A-B], 29 Nov. 1947, available at
http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/r2.htm
 Declaration of the State of Israel, 14 May,1948, available at
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaratio
n+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm
 SC Res. 242, 22 Nov. 1967, available at
http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1967/scres67.htm
FURTHER READING:
 Sykes-Picot Agreement, 16 May 1916, available at
http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/sykespicot.htm
 Hussein-McMahon Correspondence, 14 July – 10 Mar. 1916, esp. Letters 1-4,
available at http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/hussmac1.html
 The Balfour Declaration, November 2, 1917:
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/balfour.asp
 British Mandate for Palestine, in American Journal of International Law 17,
Supplement: Official Documents (Jul. 1923), 164-71.





Benny Morris, “The idea of transfer in Zionist thinking before 1948”, in Benny
Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, 2nd Ed. (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 2004), 40-64 (available as an e-book through the
library website)
Summary of the Report of the Palestine Royal Commission, July 1937 (“Peel
Commission”), http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/peel1.html
British White Paper on Palestine, 9 Nov. 1938 (approved by Parliament, 1939),
available at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/brwh1939.asp
Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, April 1946
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/angap04.asp
SC Res. 338, 22 Oct. 1973, available at
http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1973/scres73.htm
Holiday: 16/10/2013
Session 13 (23/10/2013) & Session 14 (27/10/2013): Self Determination in the Middle
East: Palestine- Up to Present (Critical Perspectives):
CORE READING:
 Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, Agreement
between the Government of Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organisation, 13
Sep. 1993, available at
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_doc
uments/1682727.stm
 Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement (“Oslo II”), Washington, 28 Sep. 1995,
available at http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/interimtoc.html
 A Performance-Based Roadmap to a Permanent Two-State Solution to the IsraeliPalestinian Conflict, April 30, 2003 available at
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/A+Perfor
mance-Based+Roadmap+to+a+Permanent+Two-Sta.htm
 GA Res. 67/19, Status of Palestine in the United Nations, 4 Dec. 2012, at
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/67/19
FURTHER READING:
 PLO Negotiations Affairs Department, “The Historic Compromise: The Palestinian
Declaration of Independence and the Twenty-Year Struggle for a Two-State
Solution,” Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (European
University Institute: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies), 15. Nov. 2008,
available at http://www.carim.org/public/polsoctexts/PS2PAL005_EN.pdf
 Palestine’s UN Initiatives and the Representation of the Palestinian People’s Rights,
Al Haq’s Questions & Answers, 15 Sep. 2011, Ref. 286/2011, at
http://www.alhaq.org/images/stories/PDF/QA_on_representation.pdf
 Aeyal Gross, “Following UN Vote on Palestine, Israel may now find itself at the
Hague,” Haaretz, 2 Dec. 2012, at http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/following-un-voteon-palestine-israel-may-now-find-itself-at-the-hague.premium-1.481919
 Aeyal Gross, “Palestinian Statehood of Confusion,” Haaretz, 30 Nov. 2012, at
http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/palestinian-statehood-ofconfusion.premium-1.481541
Session 15: 30/10/2013 Changing Attitudes to Self-Determination – Western Sahara and
the “earned sovereignty” approach
Core Reading:
 Western Sahara Advisory Opinion, ICJ Rep., 1975, paras. 35-37; 42-59; 70-83; 8789 and 162.
 Catriona Drew, “The Meaning of Self-Determination: ‘The Stealing of the Sahara’
Redux?” In Karin Arts & Pedro Pinto Leite, eds., International Law and the Question
of Western Sahara (Leiden: International Platform for Jurists of East Timor, 2007),
15-122.
 Paul R. Williams et al, “Resolving Sovereignty-Based Conflicts: the Emerging
Approach of Earned Sovereignty,” Denver Journal of International Law 31 (200203), 349-53.
FURTHER READING:
 UN Security Council Resolution 1720, S/Res/1729 (2006), 31 Oct. 2006, available at
http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions06.htm
 Thomas M. Franck, “The Stealing of the Sahara,” American Journal of International
Law 70 (1976), 694-721.
 Wayne Madsen, “Big Oil and James Baker Target the Western Sahara,”
Counterpunch, 8 Jan. 2003, http://www.counterpunch.org/2003/01/08/big-oil-andjames-baker-target-the-western-sahara/
 Interview with Bachir Dkhil, one of Polisario’s founders, who defected to Morocco,
available at
http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/moroccoelections2007/2007/09/2008525190214089
52.html
 Christine Chinkin, “Western Sahara and the UN Second Decade of Decolonisation,”
in Karin Arts & Pedro Pinto Leite, eds. (see above), 329-344.
 Williams, Paul R. & Francesca Jannotti Pecci. “Earned Sovereignty: Bridging the Gap
Between Sovereignty and Self-Determination.” Stanford Journal of International Law
40 (2004), 347-386. Reuters News Agency, “UN Shuns W. Sahara Rights Plea after
France Objects,” 31 Oct. 2006, available at
http://uk.reuters.com/article/2006/10/31/sahara-un-idUKN3123062420061031
 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Territories and Peoples.
UN General Assembly, Res. 1514 (XV), 14 Dec. 1960, GAOR 15th Session, Supp. 16,
p. 66 [Colonial Declaration], available at
http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/15/ares15.htm
 Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations
Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, GA Res. 2625
(XXV), 24 Oct. 1970, at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/25/ares25.htm
(section on “self-determination of peoples”).
 James Crawford, ‘The Right of Self-Determination in International Law: Its
Development and Future’ in P. Alston (ed.), Peoples’ Rights (United States: Oxford
University Press, 2001) pp. 7-67.
JUS AD BELLUM & JUS IN BELLO
Session 16 (03/11/2013): Use of Force in the Second Gulf War
CORE READING:
 Christopher Greenwood, “New World Order or Old? The Invasion of Kuwait and the Rule of
Law,” Modern Law Review 55 (1992), 153-178.
 Nadje Al-Ali, “Reconstructing Gender: Iraqi Women between Dictatorship, War, Sanctions and
Occupation,” Third World Quarterly 26 (2005), 739-758.
FURTHER READING:
 UN Charter, esp. Arts 2(4) and Chs. VI and VII (inc. Art. 51)
 Iraq-Kuwait, SC Res. 660 (1990), 2 Aug. 1990, available at
http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1990/scres90.htm
 Iraq-Kuwait, SC Res. 661 (1990), 6 Aug. 1990, available at
http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1990/scres90.htm
 Iraq-Kuwait, SC Res. 678 (1990), 29 Nov. 1990, available at
http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1990/scres90.htm
 Iraq, SC Res. 688 (1991), 5 Apr. 1991, available at
http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1991/scres91.htm
 Oscar Schachter, “United Nations Law in the Gulf Conflict,” American Journal of International
Law 85 (1991), 452-473.
 Matthew Craven, “Humanitarianism and the Quest for Smarter Sanctions,” European Journal
of International Law (2002), 43-61.
Session 17 (06/11/2013) & Session 18 (10/11/2013): 2003 Invasion of Iraq
CORE READING:
 Ruth Wedgwood, “The Fall of Saddam Hussein: Security Council Mandates and Pre-emptive
Self-Defence,” American Journal of International Law 97 (2003), 576-585.
 Antony Anghie, “The War on Terror and Iraq in Historical Perspective,” 43 Osgoode Hall Law
Journal 2005, 45-66.
 James T. Gathii, “Assessing Claims of a New Doctrine of Pre-Emptive War under the Doctrine
of Sources,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 43 (2005), 67-103.
FURTHER READING:
 Lord Goldsmith, UK Attorney-General, Secret Memo to the British Government re: the
Legality of Invading Iraq, 7 Mar. 2003, available at
http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/special/2005/iraq-advice/index.pdf
 SC Res. 1441, 8 Nov. 2002, available at http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2002/sc2002.htm
 Opinion: Legality of the Use of Force against Iraq, Rabinder Singh QC & Alison McDonald,
Matrix Chambers, London, on Behalf of Peacerights, 10 Sep. 2002.
 Thomas Franck, “What Happens Now? The United Nations After Iraq,” American Journal of
International Law 97 (2003), 607-620.
 Christopher Greenwood, “Britain’s War on Saddam had the Law on its Side,” Yearbook of
Islamic and Middle Eastern Law 9 (2003), 29-31.
 Anthony Carty (2005) “The Iraq Invasion as a Recent United Kingdom ‘Contribution to
International Law,’” European Journal of International Law 16 (1)
 Michael Reisman and Andrea Armstrong, ‘The Past and Future of the Claim of Pre-emptive
Self-defence’ 100 (3) American Journal of International Law, 2006, 525.
 The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, Sep. 2002, available at
http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/nss/nss_sep2002.pdf
 Judith Gardan, “A Role for Proportionality in the War on Terror,” Nordic Journal of
International Law 74 (2005), 3-25.
 Christopher Greenwood, “Britain’s War on Saddam had the Law on its Side,” Yearbook of
Islamic and Middle Eastern Law 9 (2003), 29-31.

Gerry Simpson, “The War in Iraq and International Law,” Melbourne Journal of International
Law 6 (2005), 167-188
Session 19 (13/11/2013): Intervention in Libya and the Responsibility to Protect
CORE READING:
 Seumas Milne, “If the Libyan War was about Saving Lives, it was a Catastrophic Failure,” The
Guardian, 26 Oct. 2011, available at
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/oct/26/libya-war-saving-lives-catastrophicfailure
 Anne Orford, International Authority and the Responsibility to Protect (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2011), Ch. 1 (“Protection in the Shadow of Empire”), 1-41.
 Orford, “What Kind of Law is This?”, blog post, London Review of Books, 29 March 2011,
available at http://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2011/03/29/anne-orford/what-kind-of-law-is-this/
 Security Council Res. 1970 (2011), 26 Feb. 2011, available at
http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions11.htm
 Security Council Res. 1973, 17. Mar. 2001, S/Res/1973 (2011), avaible at
http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions11.htm
 Statue of the International Criminal Court [“Rome Statute”], available at
http://untreaty.un.org/cod/icc/statute/romefra.htm -- Arts. 1-33.
FURTHER READING:
On the responsibility to protect in general:
 The Responsibility to Protect, Report of the International Commission on Intervention and
State Sovereignty (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001), available at
http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdf
 2005 World Summit Outcome, A/60/L.1, 15 Sep. 2005, available at
http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/world%20summit%20outcome%20doc%202005%281%29.pd
f
 International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect, at
http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/
 David Chandler, “R2P or not R2P: More Statebuilding, Less Responsibility,” Global
Responsibility to Protect 2 (2010), 161-166.
 Carsten Stahn, “Responsibility to Protect: Political Rhetoric or Emerging Legal Norm?”
American Journal of International Law 101 (2007), 99-120.
On the Intervention in Libya:
 Ayça Çubukçu, “Killing in the Name Of: Libya, Sovereignty, Humanity,” Jadaliyya, 11 Mar.
2011, available at http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/870/killing-in-the-name-of_libyasovereignty-humanity
 The Crisis in Libya, International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect, available at
http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/crisis-in-libya.
 “Luck: Council Action on Libya ''Historic'' Implementation of RtoP,” Frankfurter Allgemeine
Zeitung interview with Ed Luck, Special Advisor to the UN Secretary-General on the
Responsibility to Protect, 28 Mar. 2011, available at http://www.ipinst.org/news/generalannouncement/224-luck-council-action-on-libya-historic-implementation-of-rtop.html.
 Tony Cartalucci, “How do we Respond to NATO’s War Crimes in Libya?” Libya 360˚, 2 Sep.
2011, available at http://libya360.wordpress.com/2011/09/02/how-do-we-respond-to-natoswar-crimes-in-libya/
Session 20 (17/11/2013): Intervention in Syria??
Readings TBA
Session 21 (20/11/2013): Law of Occupation in Palestine
Readings TBA
Session 22 (24/11/2013): Relationship between IHL and IHRL in Palestine
Session 23 (27/11/2013): IHL in Syria
Readings TBA
THE ARAB SPRING
Session 24 (01/12/2013): Right to Revolt and Change of Governments
Readings TBA
Session 26 (04/12/2013): Transitional Justice
Readings TBA
Session 27 (08/12/2013): Use of Force by domestic law enforcement agencies
Readings TBA
Session 28 (11/12/2013): revision