European Law and Life Culture
第十七單元：
European Union before the EU
Lecturer: Tim Baker, Associate Professor,
History Department, National Dong Hwa University
Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)
1
What is the background of these
different attitudes to EU membership?
• Reading history “backwards”
- Avoid a deterministic view of history
- Avoid the idea of a first cause
2
Aspects to be considered
•
•
•
•
-
Cultural interchanges – religion, education, arts
Political power and nationalism
Regionalization
North and South
East and West
Economy- trade and access to raw materials
Wars and treaties
Desire for one nation to dominate all of Europe vs.
ideal of international cooperation
3
When did the EU begin?
•
•
•
•
2002 – Common currency (Euro)
1993 – Maastricht Treaty?
1985 – Shengen Agreement (open borders)?
1957 – European Economic Community?
4
Schuman and Monnet
• European Coal and Steel Community - Part of rebuilding Europe after WWII
- Steel and coal produced by France and Germany
to be marketed and sold together
• Schuman Declaration 1950
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schuman_Decl
aration.ogg
• Long-range goals
- Develop a broader common economic market
for Europe
- Evolve into a supra-national government
- Support other, less developed, areas like Africa
5
Philosophical Developments
• Responding to an ideal of European unity that had
been formulated by Enlightenment Period thinkers
such as Leibniz.
• “French” Enlightenment was a pan-European
movement that affected not only France (and its
Revolution)
- Prussia – educational reforms of Frederick the Great
- Russia – Cultural Europeanization begun by Peter the
Great continued by Empress Catherine
6
Regional Associations
• OAS (Organization of American States)
- Initially proposed by Bolivar in
1828 as an organization of
former Spanish colonies
- Organized as the OAS by the US in 1898 with
headquarters in Washington DC
• Deals with issues of trade and crime
• Following WWII, other areas such as Asia, Africa,
Arab nations
7
World War I
• The World Wars can be considered one thirty-year
war with a long break in the middle.
• Collapse of the system of “Great Powers” that had
maintained peace in Europe for 100 years.
• Treaty of Paris did not establish
a stable pattern of government
in Europe
8
Congress of Vienna
• Concluded the wars with France (Revolutionary and
Napoleonic
• The Holy Roman Empire replaced by a loose
relationship of the “Great Powers”
- England
- Austria-Hungary
- Prussia
- Russia
- France
9
Before WWI - Concert of Europe
(The Great Powers)
• Alliances developed with the Great Powers
• Partly due to desire to limit the expansion of some
of the individual Great Powers
• Also due to religious differences, such as the
Orthodox Christianity of Russia
• Ultimately failed due to expansionism of PrussiaGermany and Russia
10
Napoleon’s “Continental System” 18061814
• Response to British naval blockade of France
• Intended to increase European self-sufficiency in
manufacturing and trade (similar to EEC)
• Hurt French economy and its relations with allies
11
The Holy Roman Empire ?-1806
• “Something that was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an
empire”
• Could also be considered something that was
surprisingly successful at maintaining peace and
stability
12
• Francis II, HR Emperor
declared the end of the HRE
in 1806 when he saw that
defeat by Napoleon was
inevitable.
- Napoleon had already taken
the title of emperor of
France.
- Dissolving the HRE was the
only way Francis could
prevent Napoleon from
taking the title of HR
Emperor.
13
• The HRE grew weak, not because of its
complexity, but because of the strength of
Prussia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
- This led to conflicts between the two and each
one of them dominating the Empire over the
smaller states.
- Today’s Germany and France?
14
Peace of Westphalia 1648
• An end to Thirty Years War
• Increased definition for the Holy Roman Empire
• Development of the
concept of national
sovereignty
15
Holy Roman Empire after the Peace of
Westphalia
• Essentially a league of Germanic states
16
•
-
Characteristics
Few formal rules for centralized governing
Emperor was elected by member states
Power of the emperor was restricted by the lack of an
central army and limited ability for taxation
- Supported formal communication in the form of
conferences
- Contained separate, sometimes conflicting, links between
member states
- Very flexible to allow for changes as some states divided and
some united
17
• Very loose and complex organization
- Allowed more personal liberties and religious
diversity than in the large centralized states
like England or France.
- Very similar, and in some ways superior, to the
current EU.
18
• States grouped into areas of common currency.
- Each state could mint its own coins.
- But the value of the coins was determined
relative to one of several regional currencies.
- Each area was responsible for checking the
currency minted by the local states.
19
Hanseatic League
• Began to form from 1250-1350
• Based on trading on the Baltic
and North Seas
• A group of cities that agreed to
trade that their merchants
could freely with one another
and that trade with others
would be limited
20
http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Portal:Brimberry_family_history/
1241 LŰBECK AND HAMBURG AGREEMENT FOR
MUTUAL PROTECTION
• Protection from pirates
(1) Each city shall, to the best of her ability, keep the sea clear of
pirates, so that merchants may freely carry on their business
by sea
(3) If a citizen is seized [by pirates, robbers, or bandits] he shall
not be ransomed, but his sword-belt and knife shall be sent to
him [as a threat to his captors].
(4) Any merchant ransoming him shall lose all his possessions in
all the cities which have the law of Lübeck.
21
• Agreement on laws
(5) Whoever is exiled from one city for robbery or theft shall be
exiled from all.
(8) If any man marries a woman in one city, and another woman
from some other city comes and proves that he is her lawful
husband, he shall be beheaded.
(6) If a lord besieges a city, no one shall aid him in any way to the
detriment of the besieged city.
(7) If there is a war in the country, no city shall on that account
injure a citizen from the other cities, either in his person or
goods, but shall give him protection
22
•
-
Port of Lübeck.
Cannons on ship
Guild house
Italian clothing
Crane for lifting
Print is both advertising
and merchandise
23
• Grew to include smaller cities, such as Novgorod
• Connected to Italy through land trade
24
• Overlapped with parts of the Holy Roman Empire, but
its cities often were considered “independent and
free” from the states where they were located
• Declined in the
century
- Due to wars between states in which the cities were
located
- Internal conflicts, such as the Reformation
- New trade routes to North America and Asia
th
16
25
• The League included both England and Russia, expanding the
boundaries of what could be considered Europe.
• Mediterranean countries such as Spain, Italy and Greece were
not included since they were part of a separate trade network
- marking the separate cultures of North and South.
• But there was vigorous trade between the Hanseatic League
and these countries, especially Italy.
26
Charlemagne
•
•
-
Crowned emperor 800
Alcuin
Monk and scholar
Studied in England
Moved to Charlemagne’s court and
established court schools
- Exemplified internationalism of
European medieval scholarship
27
Byzantine Empire
• Macedonian Dynasty ca. 850-950
- Increased strength of the empire
after internal divisions of
Iconoclasm conflict were settled
- Extended Orthodox Christianity to Balkan regions
- Established diplomatic-commercial-religious relations with
Russia. (Russian separation from Europe)
- Led to internal conflicts in Balkans following Ottoman conquest
of that area (WWI and Balkan conflict of 1990-1999)
28
Political Roman Empire
• Tying Northern provinces of Gaul and England to
southern provinces of the Iberian peninsula and the
homeland of the Italian Peninsula
• Religious “Roman Empire” of
Catholicism that tied Europe together
through a tightly organized religious
structure and systems of monasteries
29
The Beginning?
(not yet)
• The EU was formed - is forming – by the forces
of:
30
• Cultural interchanges – religion, education, arts
- Divisions between Catholic and Protestant that
led to the Thirty Years War, but resolved by the
Holy Roman Empire
- Orthodox Christianity in the Balkans and Russia
led to a different cultural identity for these
regions
- Europe was tied together by movements of
scholars and students
31
•
•
-
Political power and nationalism
Expansion of Prussia
Strong central state of France
Regionalization
Divisions of northern states - France and Germany
from southern states of Spain, Italy and Greece
- Division of eastern states such as Russia, Baltics,
and the Balkans from western Europe
32
• Economy- trade and access to raw materials
- European Coal and Steel Community preceded
by Hanseatic League
- The Euro preceded by currency standards set
in regions of the Holy Roman Empire
33
•
-
Wars and treaties
World War I-II
Napoleonic Wars
Thirty Years War
34
“Deep is the well of the past; should we not call it
bottomless? “
The deeper we delve and the farther we press and grope
into the underworld of the past, the more unfathomable
become those first foundations of human history and
civilization, for again and again they retreat further into the
bottomless depths… offering us only illusory stations and
goals, behind which we discover new stretches of the past
opening up.”
35
版權聲明
頁碼
作品
版權圖示
來源 / 作者
1
Wikimedia commons / Maycoll F. Vieira - Flags of the European Union
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EU_flags.jpg
本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31。
4
Wikimedia commons / Glentamara - Members of the European Economic
Community
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:European_Economic_Community.svg?us
elang=zh-tw
本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31。
5
Wikimedia commons / Immanuel Giel - Europe of the Six
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EGKS.png?uselang=zh-tw
本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」3.0版授權釋出。瀏覽日期：
2013/12/31。
7
Natural Resources Canada - The Organization of American States (OAS)
http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/oas
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31。
36
頁碼
作品
版權圖示
來源 / 作者
8
Wikimedia commons /作者不明; Underwood & Underwood - Steel-helmeted
Scotts Entrenched and Cheerily Awaiting a Counterattack; User: Infrogmation
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WWIScottsEntrenched.jpg
本作品已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之著作。
瀏覽日期：2013/12/31。
9
Wikimedia commons / Jean-Baptiste Isabey – Congress of Vienna
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CongressVienna.jpg
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31。
12
Wikimedia commons / Erwin Hoheisel - Flag of the Holy Roman Empire from
1438
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.gif?u
selang=zh-tw
本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」3.0版授權釋出。瀏覽日期：
2013/12/31。
13
Wikimedia commons / Friedrich von Amerling - Emperor Franz II. of Austria
(1768-1835) wearing the Austrians imperial robes; 來源/攝影者：
Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien; also http://www.wga.hu/framese.html?/html/v/vivien/
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor_by_
Friedrich_von_Amerling_003.jpg?uselang=zh-tw
37
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31。
頁碼
作品
版權圖示
來源 / 作者
13
Wikimedia commons / Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres - Napoleon on his Imperial
throne; Current location: Musée de l'Armée Link back to Institution infobox
template; Source/Photographer: http://napoleonbonapart.hit.bg/index.htm
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingres,_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_thro
ne.jpg
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31。
15
The British Museum / Wenceslas Hollar - The Peace of Munster view of square in
front of Antwerp town hall; © Trustees of the British Museum
http://www.britishmuseum.org/join_in/using_digital_images/using_digital_images
.aspx?asset_id=764858&objectId=3239817&partId=1
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2014/04/11。
16
The Holy Roman Empire: European disunion done right / The Economist - Holy
Roman Empire1648 Main territories
http://www.economist.com/news/christmas/21568659-old-empire-offerssurprising-lessons-european-union-today-european-disunion-done
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31。
20
Portal:Brimberry family history / Brimberry - Hanseatic League Map
http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Portal:Brimberry_family_history/The_Brimberr
y_Surname
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31。
38
頁碼
作品
21-22
Each city
shall, …but shall
give him protection.
版權圖示
來源 / 作者
The Hanseatic League / Alan Kimball
http://pages.uoregon.edu/kimball/grd.Hanse.htm
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31。
23
Life in the Harbor of the Hanseatic League / PixelDeluxe Interaction Design
Rotterdam
http://historywallcharts.eu/view/life-in-a-harbor-of-the-hanseatic-league
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31。
24
The Hanseatic League / Alan Kimball
http://pages.uoregon.edu/kimball/grd.Hanse.htm
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31。
26
Wikimedia commons / Heidas - Nowgorod 2005
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nowgorod_2005_w.jpg
本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」3.0版授權釋出。
瀏覽日期：2014/02/05。
27
Wikimedia commons / unknown - Charlemagne and Pippin the Hunchback
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_der_Grosse__Pippin_der_Bucklige.jpg
本作品已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期：
2013/12/31。
39
頁碼
作品
版權圖示
來源 / 作者
27
Wikimedia commons / Raphael (1483–1520) - The Coronation of Charlemagne
(1516-1517); Current location: Stanza dell'Incendio di Borgo, Palazzi Pontifici,
Vatican; Source/Photographer: Web Gallery of Art
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raffaello_Sanzio__The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_-_WGA18761.jpg
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2014/02/05。
28
Wikimedia commons / Cplakidas - The Byzantine Empire and its provinces
(themes) at the death of Basil II in 1025 AD
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantine_Empire_Themes_1025en.svg?uselang=zh-tw
本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」3.0版授權釋出。瀏覽日期：
2013/12/31。
29
A Short History of the Gallic Empire / Michael Freedman-Schnapp
http://www.virginia.edu/artmuseum/VirtualExhibitions/Coins/gallic_empire.html
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31。
35
Deep is the well of
the past; should we
not call it
bottomless?
JOSEPH AND HIS BROTHERS – Prelude / THOMAS MANN; Translated by H.
T. Lowe-Porter
http://www.compilerpress.ca/Competitiveness/Anno/Anno%20Mann%20Joseph%
20&%20His%20Brothers.htm
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/12/31。
40