o and Panko
ness Data Networks and Security, 9th Edition
earson
Chapter 1
Into the Cloud
Basic Network Concepts
Packet Switching
Internetworking
Layers
Internet Standards
A Small Home Network
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Works at the First Bank of Paradise (FBP) in
Hawai`i
Develops new media marketing campaigns
using Facebook, YouTube, e-mail lists, and
the bank’s website
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Current project is the AlohaSmart credit
card smartcard
◦ Smartcards have chips as well as mag stripes
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In the morning, opens his tablet to check
e-mail containing remarks about his
PowerPoint marketing plan
Turns on his desktop computer and reworks
the PowerPoint presentation
Automatically uploaded “to the cloud” with
BlueSynch
Later available to his work notebook and to
meeting participants
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The cloud imagery indicates that the user does not have to
understand how systems “inside the cloud” operate.
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PowerPoint is installed on his desktop
computer at home.
For his work notebook computer and on his
tablet, PowerPoint is stored in the cloud.
◦ He downloads it when he needs it.
◦ Pays for it by the month, as a service.
◦ It is called software as a service (SaaS).
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On the FBP networking staff
Manages the headquarters building wireless
LANs
Walks around doing readings with her
sniffer program
Learns information about access points,
their signal power, and their security
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SSID
FBP
A1-B2-C3D4-E5-F6
FBP
FBP
BB-D5-33-D4- 19-FF-AE-D46B-DD
EC-63
Signal
-85 dBm
-60 dBm
-60 dBm
Mode
802.11g
802.11n
802.11n
Channel
11
48
44
Encryption
AES-CCMP
AES-CCMP
AES-CCMP
Authentication
WPA2/PEAP
WPA2/PEAP
WPA2/PEAP
Vendor
Cisco
Cisco
Cisco
BSSID
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Currently, must walk around at least daily.
◦ Even then, cannot find intermittent problems.
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FBP is installing a centralized wireless
management system.
◦ Will be able to manage all access points centrally.
◦ She can constantly monitor the network for
problems.
◦ The network will alert her to problems.
◦ The system can even make adjustments
automatically.
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In charge of wireless security at FBP
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BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) Problem
◦ Number of smartphones and tablets is exploding
◦ Owned by the employees but used partially for
business purposes
◦ Great diversity in smartphone and tablet
operating systems
◦ Device security is improving but limited
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Claire Lorek found a rogue access point in
one of her walkarounds.
She and John Lee visited Albert Gomes who
installed the unauthorized access point.
Albert thought that the access point was
secure in stealth mode.
However, Claire’s and hackers’ software
could find it.
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Rather than punish Albert Gomes, they
worked to help him.
His department did need more capacity.
Claire would install another access point,
one with strong security.
John and Claire had developed an ally.
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Into the Cloud
Basic Network Concepts
Packet Switching
Internetworking
Layers
Internet Standards
A Small Home Network
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Working Definition
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The client and the server share processing work.
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P2P Processing can be done without a
network (as shown) or with a network.
No servers are needed.
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Transmission Speed Measurements
Bits per second (bps)
Usually not bytes per second (Bps)
Metric Suffixes
Kilobits per
second
kbps (lowercase k)
1,000 bits per second
(not 1,024)
Megabits per
second
Mbps
1,000 kbps
Gigabits per
second
Gbps
1,000 Mbps
Terabits per
second
Tbps
1,000 Gbps
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File Downloads
100
1
kbps Mbps
E-mail message
(250 words)
.15 s
Photograph (5
MB)
1 Hr HTDV Video
(10 Mbps)
Backup Synch
(10 GB)
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Mbps
10
Mbps
100 1 Gbps
Mbps
0s
0s
0s
0s
0s
8m
1m
10 s
5s
1s
0.1 s
4d
10 h
2h
1h
6m
36 s
12 d
28 h
6h
3h
17 m
2m
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Live or
Streaming
Media
MP3 Song (10
kbps)
Standard Quality
TV (2 Mbps)
HDTV (10 Mbps)
Three HDTV
Channels
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1
kbps Mbps
OK
OK
5
Mbps
10
Mbps
100 1 Gbps
Mbps
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
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Into the Cloud
Basic Network Concepts
Packet Switching
Internetworking
Layers
Internet Standards
A Small Home Network
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Each switch along the way forwards the
packet out a port to another switch (or to
the destination host).
Individual packet switches have no
knowledge of the entire path taken by the
packet.
We will see how this works in detail in later
chapters.
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Forerunner of the Internet
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Funded by Larry Roberts at the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
◦ Now the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA)
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To explore packet switching
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To give researchers access to ARPA-funded
software on host computers in distant cities
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First four nodes began operation in 1969
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Into the Cloud
Basic Network Concepts
Packet Switching
Internetworking
Layers
Internet Standards
A Small Home Network
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Bob Kahn at DARPA needed a way for researchers
on one network to use resources on another
network.
Packets would have to travel across multiple
networks.
Kahn and Vint Cerf came up with the idea of
connecting multiple networks by devices called
routers.
◦ The original name was gateways.
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Generically, networks of networks are internets.
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Kahn created the global Internet (Capital I).
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Capitalization of “internet”
◦ With an uppercase “I,” Internet means the global
Internet we use every day.
◦ With a lowercase “i”, internet means any internet
or the internet layer.
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Basically, Kahn and Cerf created a second layer
of networking on top of single networks.
This required the creation of a parallel set of
concepts for single networks and internets.
Single networks and internets use similar
concepts but give these concepts different
names.
It is important for you to get this clear in your
head.
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